Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Answer questions - Essay Example Bill Gates’ Microsoft has developed because of Gates’ ability to create an environment of creativity, teamwork, delegation of tasks, and transparency across the workforce Interpersonal skills are the qualities that enable people to understand one another and establish effective communication. In a decision making process, team members need to understand one another in order to establish effective communication, which is a necessity for organizational efficiency and growth. Interpersonal skills enable and organization to have a clear flow of instructions, commands and directives, facilitating the attainment of a business’ overall objective. Interpersonal skills are also relevant in society because effective communication is crucial when it comes to networking and establishing local and multinational deals (Robbins, De Cenzo, & Coulter, 2015). Steve jobs people skills enabled him to get funding, resurrect Apple Inc. and transform it into one of the finest American electronics manufacturer ever. The KTS-II results show that I am a guardian. A guardian is an individual who understands logistics and is strict about following routine. A guardian has a sense of responsibility and duty, which means he is always in the good books of the supervisor. However, workers of rational and idealist personalities are people who seek personal growth and knowledge, which might interfere with the regulatory role of their supervisors. Artisans’ desire to try new things may interfere with company routine and schedule, affecting the relationship of artisans with the supervisors (Montgomery, 2011). Conscientiousness and extraversion are positively correlated with job performance. However, without high levels of conscientiousness, extraversion might lead to absenteeism, in which case it becomes negatively correlated with job performance (Lim & Ployhart,

Federative Treaty of 1992 and constitution of 1993 Essay Example for Free

Federative Treaty of 1992 and constitution of 1993 Essay Federalism is a political system in which the Government is organized into two structures, one at the central level, and the other at the state or territorial level. Both forms of Government have certain powers and obligations towards the people. They also have to maintain relationships with each other. The Russian Federation or ‘Russia’ was formed in 1991, from USSR. It is a Republic belonging to the USSR, and by itself was a federation, previously. The President is the Head of State, and several parties are present in the political system. The Prime Minister, who heads the Government, is appointed by the President. Russia adopted a new constitution in December, 1993. The transition period from communism to a federal form of government was not comfortable for the Russian people and the economy. The country’s economy had gone through a severe crisis, and the people suffered from poverty, at that time. However, the economy has improved by the year 1999. There are about 86 federal units in the Russian Federation. These include 21 republics (which are given greater autonomy), 48 provinces, 7 territories, 7 autonomous districts and 1 autonomous province. Moscow and St. Petersburg are 2 federal cities. The Federation Treaty was signed in 1993. It was not included in the Constitution. However, the constitution identified the Federation Treaty.

Life in a Childs Eye :: Literature Movies Teenagers Adolescence Essays

Life in a Child's Eye In the movie, The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Callie Khouri directs something of a powerful story between a mother and her daughter. The movie Life as a House (Wrinkler, 2002) tells something of the same; of a father and the fight for the love of his son. The two movies both portray the fight between parents and their children. The commonality between father and son and mother and daughter is portrayed through the troublesome children and the problems that they face together. The â€Å"abuse â€Å" that these children have received has formed them into the people they are today. What these characters had become is something that they do not want to be. As we age, we begin to discover the importance of family as depicted through Life as a House and The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood. In southern Louisiana, Sidda is a tempestuous play writer who has blamed her mother, Vivi, for the faults within herself that she has come to know. As a young child Vivi did not have the best of mother. Her father had spoiled her with many gifts and parties. Vivi made a few friends throughout her childhood. Through all of the adventures the four of them had gone through, they had made a club for the four of them. This club was called the Ya-Ya sisterhood. Through this they would tell all their secrets to each other and stay behind one another as they grew to adults. As older women, they had kept their promise to each other and are still called the Ya-Ya’s. Throughout the movie, Sidda takes glimpses back to her past and remember incidences and happy occurrences that had developed between her mother and her. The story develops; Vivi and the Ya-Ya’s take glimpse of their own lives together and individually. One of the things that the Ya-Ya’s would do socially was drink alcohol. Some people can take it and some can become very addicted to this sensitizing depressant. Vivi was one of those who would fall into the addiction. She would drink to kill the pain of a lost loved one. She then started to become into drugs; drugs that became very addicting and fed into her behavior in a negative way. As a child, Sidda bore the brunt of the pain that her mother had inflicted upon her and her siblings.

The Development Of Ancient Systems Of Writing In Iraq And Egypt :: essays research papers

The Development of Ancient Systems of Writing in Iraq and Egypt Ancient systems of writing in the Middle East arose when people needed a method for remembering important information. In both Ancient Iraq and Ancient Egypt each of the stages of writing, from pictograms to ideograms to phonetograms, evolved as a response to the need to express more complex ideas. Satisfaction of this need gave us the two most famous forms of ancient writing, cuneiform from ancient Iraq, and hieroglyphics from ancient Egypt. Both of these forms of writing evolved and their use spread to other peoples even after the originators of the scripts had passed on. Some of the oldest writing found in the Middle East dates from 8000 to 3000 B.C. This corresponds to the approximate time period that the people of the region went from living a nomadic life to settlement in villages and trading among themselves. When trading large or varying types of commodities you need a method for recording. To meet this need developed a token system for the recording of financial data. These tokens were of varying shapes for various things, two to three centimetres in size, and used for enumeration and keeping track of goods and labour. These tokens eventually had to be stored so they wouldn't be misplaced or lost. To secure them, they were placed in opaque clay envelopes. To indicate what was inside the envelope markings were made on it, eventually someone realized that all you had to do was mark on the clay what was in the envelope and you discard the tokens altogether. With this major development we get the first writing on clay tablets. In Ancient Mesopotamia the most readily available material for writing on was clay. When writing on clay first arose, the scribe would try to make an artistic representation of what he was referring to. This is a logical first step in writing as if you wanted to record that you had three sheep, you would draw a picture of a sheep and then add to the picture some marking to indicate that you had three of them. Thus the earliest stage in writing arose, pictograms. Pictograms, although not really writing in the modern sense of the term, do represent a method of communicating an event or message. They also "led to true writing through a process of selection and organization." As people wanted to write more down and in a faster method, the pictograms lost their artistic look and took on a more "stylised representation of an object by making a few marks in the clay . . . ." The writing was eventually written in "horizontal lines

Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay

â€Å"No one’s life is a smooth sail; we all come into stormy weather.† This statement has more truth to it than one may think. In life, everybody reaches a rough point, a point where the light at the end of the tunnel seems dim, or even nonexistent. But overcoming this adversity is what builds character. Accepting and prevailing over life’s obstacles are what separate strong, independent-minded and forward-thinking people from those who give up and avoid their problems. Anne Moody, author of Coming of Age in Mississippi, lived a life of great struggle in which she overcame adversity with great efforts and a dedicated heart and mind. As an African-American female, Anne Moody had one of the hardest battles to fight throughout her life. With limited rights as a woman and even further limitations due to race, she often found herself being subordinated by others. While in high school, she left her hometown of Centreville, Mississippi to spend the summer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. While there, she worked for a local woman, Mrs. Jetson, doing housework. After working for Mrs. Jetson for two weeks, Anne wished to collect her pay. When Anne found Mrs. Jetson’s house empty, she recalled â€Å"On Monday I did call the shoe store, and was told Mrs. Jetson had quit on Friday. I had never before felt so gypped in all my life. Out of all the women I had worked for this woman was the worst† (Moody 150). Anne had been cheated out of two weeks’ worth of pay. She was astonished at Mrs. Jetson’s audacity in failing to pay Anne what was rightfully hers. It was difficult to find jobs where she was treated with some dignity, and almost impossible to find ones where she was treated as her employer’s equal. Anne was forced to change jobs frequently on account of being disrespected and used. Although no scamming experience was as impactful on Anne as the one with Mrs. Jetson, Anne experienced similar situations in jobs she had prior and jobs she took afterward. The summer after being in Baton Rouge, Anne went back to Louisiana; this time she stayed in New Orleans. There, she managed to land a job in a chicken factory. What she expected to be a large, intricate, and somewhat clean workplace turned out to be a dreadful nightmare. To her shock, she found herself gutting freshly killed chickens for over ten hours a day  without gloves or proper sanitation whatsoever. Near the end of the day, Anne recollected her â€Å"face, arms, and clothes were splattered with blood and chicken shit. I got so disgusted at one point that I stood there and let about a dozen chickens half full of shit pass me by† (Moody 178). Along with the other factory workers, Anne is treated with the utmost disregard to dignity and sanitation. She is forced to work excruciatingly long hours for minimum wage, exposed to grotesque dead animals and susceptible to disease. Unfortunately, because the pay was better than most other jobs in the area, Anne was forced to stick with her factory work. She worked in the factory for a month, saving her money and gaining exposure to the various stations in the factory. Although she did make very good money under the circumstances, she was deeply affected by her work; for years she could not eat chicken and for the rest of her life she refused to eat boxed chicken. The challenge of going to work every morning knowing what she was going to endure was tough, but her willpower and need for money helped her push through. After high school, Anne applied to and attended Natchez College in Mississippi. During her second year, she was eating in the cafeteria on campus when she and a few other classmates found maggots in their food. Disgusted, she and her classmates stormed into the kitchen to find an explanation for the repulsive experience. She â€Å"knew exactly where the grits were kept from the time I had worked in the kitchen. I went straight to the pantry and saw that there was a big leak from the showers upstairs. The water was seeping right down onto the shelves† (Moody 256). Anne and her classmates boycotted the campus cafeteria and its food, refusing to yield until some sanitary fixes were implemented. The challenge here was finding other ways to stay fed. The students did not have enough money to last them more than a week or so, so eventually they all started back, one by one, to the cafeteria and its semi-sanitary food. Still repulsed, Anne refused to go back and began losing a lot of weight. She became so thin and hungry all the time that she resorted to writing her mother who brought her enough canned food to last the remainder of the semester. The challenge in staying fed with healthy, sanitary food was one which presented itself on a large scale for Anne at college and otherwise. Had she been unable to obtain food from  her family, she may have starved to the point of fainting or even death. Overcoming this challenge was just about a matter of life or death for Anne. One of Anne’s most prominent memories and experiences in her early life was during her college career when she participated in a sit-in in Woolworth. The idea of the sit-in was to sit calmly at a white lunch counter and ask for service; thus, blacks wanted to show they wished to be treated equally. Of course, doing such a thing drew a lot of attention in very little time, and soon after the sit-in began a large crowd formed in the restaurant. After the crowd of whites realized Anne and her fellow sit-in participants would not budge until they received service, â€Å"the mob started smearing us [sit-in participants] with ketchup, mustard, sugar, pies, and everything on the counter. Soon Joan and I were joined by John Salter, but the moment he sat down he was hit on the jaw with what appeared to be brass knuckles. Blood gushed from his face and someone threw salt into the open wound† (Moody 291). The violence that occurred at the sit-in that Anne and her friends had to endure is almost unimaginable. The absolute disrespect, degradation, and cruelty shown to blacks by whites is virtually unbelievable, yet Anne was faced with challenges like these almost every day. Amazingly, Anne was courageous, intelligent, and controlled enough not to fight back and to remain nonviolent no matter what violence was shown to her. Her ability to not fight fire with fire is remarkable, and helped her to overcome the adversity which she so often found herself facing.

Exchange Systems, Trade Networks, and Archaeology

Exchange Systems, Trade Networks, and Archaeology An exchange system or trade network can be defined as any manner in which consumers connect with producers. Regional exchange studies in archaeology describe the networks that people used to gain, barter for, purchase, or otherwise obtain raw material, goods, services and ideas from the producers or sources, and to move those goods across the landscape. The purpose of exchange systems can be to fulfill both basic and luxury needs. Archaeologists identify networks of exchange by using a variety of analytical techniques on material culture, and by identifying raw material quarries and manufacturing techniques for specific types of artifacts. Exchange systems have been a focus of archaeological research since the mid-19th century  when chemical analyses were first used to identify the distribution of metal artifacts from central Europe. One pioneer study is that of archaeologist Anna Shepard who during the 1930s and 40s used the presence of mineral inclusions in pottery sherds to provide evidence for a widespread trade and exchange network throughout the southwestern United States. Economic Anthropology The underpinnings of the exchange systems research were strongly influenced by Karl Polyani in the 1940s and 50s. Polyani, an economic anthropologist, described three types of trading exchange: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange. Reciprocity and redistribution, said Polyani, are methods that are embedded in long-range relationships that imply trust and confidence: markets, on the other hand, are self-regulating and disembedded from trust relationships between producers and consumers. Reciprocity is a behavioral system of trade, which is based on the more or less equal sharing of goods and services. Reciprocity could be defined simply as you scratch my back, Ill scratch yours: you do something for me, Ill reciprocate by doing something for you. Ill watch your cows, youll provide my family with milk.Redistribution involves a collection point from which goods are apportioned out. In a typical redistribution system, a village chief collects a percentage of the produce in a village, and provides it to members of the group based on need, gifts, feasting: any one of a number of etiquette rules that have been established in a given society.Market exchange involves an organized institution, in which goods producers congregate at specified locations at specified times. Either barter or money exchange is involved ​in order to allow consumers to obtain required goods and services from purveyors. Polyani himself argued that markets may or may not be integrated within c ommunity networks. Identifying Exchange Networks Anthropologists can go into a community and determine the existing exchange networks by talking to the local residents and observing the processes: but archaeologists must work from what David Clarke once called indirect traces in bad samples. Pioneers in the archaeological study of exchange systems include Colin Renfrew, who argued that it was important to study trade because the institution of a trade network is a causal factor for cultural change. Archaeological evidence for the movement of goods across the landscape has been identified by a series of technological innovations, building from Anna Shepards research. In general, sourcing artifacts- identifying where a particular raw material came from- involves a series of laboratory tests on artifacts which are then compared to known similar materials. Chemical analysis techniques used to identify raw material sources include Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and various spectrographic methods, among a wide and growing number of laboratory techniques. In addition to identifying the source or quarry where raw materials were obtained, chemical analysis can also identify similarities in pottery types or other sorts of finished goods, thus determining whether the finished goods were created locally or brought in from a distant location. Using a variety of methods, archaeologists can identify whether a pot that looks as if it were made in a different town is truly an import, or rather a locally made copy. Markets and Distribution Systems Market locations, both prehistorically and historically, are often located in public plazas or town squares, open spaces shared by a community and common to nearly every society on the planet. Such markets often rotate: market day in a given community may be every Tuesday and in a neighboring community every Wednesday. Archaeological evidence of such use of communal plazas is difficult to ascertain  because typically plazas are cleaned and used for a wide variety of purposes. Itinerant traders such as the pochteca of Mesoamerica have been identified archaeologically through iconography on written documents and monuments such as stele  as well as by the types of artifacts left in burials (grave goods). Caravan routes have been identified in numerous places archaeologically, most famously as part of the Silk Road connecting Asia and Europe. Archaeological evidence seems to suggest that trade networks were much of the driving force behind the construction of roads, whether wheeled vehicles were available or not. Diffusion of Ideas Exchange systems are also the way ideas and innovations are communicated across the landscape. But thats a whole other article. Sources Colburn CS. 2008. Exotica and the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Early Minoan Elite: Eastern Imports in Prepalatial Crete. American Journal of Archaeology 112(2):203-224.Gemici K. 2008. Karl Polanyi and the antinomies of embeddedness. Socio-Economic Review 6(1):5-33.Renfrew C. 1977. Alternative models for exchange and spatial distribution. In. In: Earle TK, and Ericson JE, editors. Exchange Systems In Prehistory. New York: Academic Press. p 71-90.Shortland A, Rogers N, and Eremin K. 2007. Trace element discriminants between Egyptian and Mesopotamian Late Bronze Age glasses. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(5):781-789.

Racе, Gеndеr and Class in Dramas and Sitcoms

RacÐ µ, GÐ µndÐ µr and Class in Dramas and Sitcoms RacÐ µ, GÐ µndÐ µr and Class in Dramas and Sitcoms ModÐ µrn tÐ µlÐ µvision programs and sÐ µriÐ µs cÐ µrtainly diffÐ µr from thÐ µ shows that wÐ µrÐ µ producÐ µd fiftÐ µÃ µn yÐ µars ago ThÐ µ fÐ µminist thought has bÐ µÃ µn incorporatÐ µd in a numbÐ µr of sociÐ µtys fiÐ µlds, including altÐ µrÐ µd vidÐ µo and TV rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation of womÐ µn. ThÐ µy arÐ µ no longÐ µr shown as housÐ µwivÐ µs only; mÐ µn havÐ µ finally startÐ µd trÐ µating womÐ µn as Ð µquals, giving up part of thÐ µir dominancÐ µ in favor of fÐ µmalÐ µs. TÐ µlÐ µvision was quick to spot such changÐ µs in thÐ µ pÐ µrcÐ µption of womÐ µn and bÐ µgan producing programs that projÐ µctÐ µd a nÐ µw and diffÐ µrÐ µnt imagÐ µ of a woman strong, succÐ µssful, indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt, and bÐ µautiful. This papÐ µr, by comparing and contrasting Ally McBÐ µal and SÐ µx and thÐ µ City, considÐ µrs thÐ µ ways in which fÐ µminist discoursÐ µs havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn incorporatÐ µd into modÐ µrn TV drama, with a particular focus on how racÐ µ, gÐ µndÐ µr, and class arÐ µ portrayÐ µd and what stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µs arÐ µ still usÐ µd in contÐ µmporary tÐ µlÐ µvision. For HomÐ µ Box OfficÐ µ, thÐ µ makÐ µrs of SÐ µx and thÐ µ City (1998-2004), this altÐ µrÐ µd pÐ µrcÐ µption of womÐ µn has bÐ µÃ µn usÐ µd succÐ µssfully to Ð µnhancÐ µ both its visibility and its rÐ µputation in a contÐ µxt whÐ µrÐ µ cablÐ µ tÐ µlÐ µvision had to strugglÐ µ to gain any status at all. In 2001 SÐ µx and thÐ µ City won thÐ µ PrimÐ µtimÐ µ Еmmy Award for Outstanding ComÐ µdy SÐ µriÐ µs - thÐ µ first timÐ µ a cablÐ µ TV show has Ð µvÐ µr takÐ µn top honors for bÐ µst sÐ µriÐ µs in any catÐ µgory and sincÐ µ thÐ µn it has bÐ µÃ µn showÐ µrÐ µd with mÐ µdals. Its succÐ µss has bÐ µÃ µn achiÐ µvÐ µd by innovation to addrÐ µss a nichÐ µ markÐ µt. It has a wholÐ µ channÐ µl addrÐ µssÐ µd to womÐ µn: HBO SignaturÐ µ, smart, sophisticatÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrtainmÐ µnt for womÐ µn (WhÐ µlÐ µhan 2000). ThÐ µ crÐ µation of a succÐ µssful brand in a compÐ µtitivÐ µ markÐ µt dÐ µpÐ µnds on thÐ µ ability to innovatÐ µ within a pattÐ µrn of strong fÐ µaturÐ µs to crÐ µatÐ µ a rÐ µcognizablÐ µ idÐ µntity for a product that appÐ µals to a commÐ µrcially attractivÐ µ audiÐ µncÐ µ. ThÐ µ novÐ µlty of SÐ µx and thÐ µ City liÐ µs in thÐ µ adaptation of a woman-cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd and Ð µxplicit sÐ µxual discoursÐ µ into tÐ µlÐ µvision drama, Ð µnablÐ µd by thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µd tastÐ µ culturÐ µs of a modÐ µrn Ð µnvironmÐ µnt. ThÐ µ succÐ µss of this drama is largÐ µly duÐ µ to thÐ µ HBOs ability to mÐ µÃ µt thÐ µ altÐ µrÐ µd dÐ µmands of viÐ µwÐ µrs for thÐ µ nÐ µw typÐ µ of a show, portraying succÐ µssful, sÐ µxy, and indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt womÐ µn. OnÐ µ yÐ µar bÐ µforÐ µ SÐ µx and thÐ µ City camÐ µ to scrÐ µÃ µns, thÐ µ fÐ µminization of TV sÐ µriÐ µs was rÐ µflÐ µctÐ µd in a lÐ µgal drama titlÐ µd Ally McBÐ µal (Fox 1997-2003). Ally McBÐ µal rÐ µliÐ µd on thÐ µ Ð µxploitation of thÐ µ plÐ µasurÐ µs associatÐ µd with thÐ µ masculinÐ µ, public world of work and thÐ µ fÐ µminizÐ µd, privatÐ µ world of pÐ µrsonal rÐ µlationships (NÐ µlson 2000; 2001a). This allowÐ µd an Ð µngagÐ µmÐ µnt with fÐ µminist issuÐ µs arising from womÐ µns rÐ µlation to thÐ µ law and to work. A focus on womÐ µn as protagonists, whosÐ µ actions drivÐ µ thÐ µ narrativÐ µ, rÐ µplacÐ µd thÐ µ narrow rangÐ µ of rolÐ µs availablÐ µ prÐ µviously to womÐ µn char actÐ µrs in thÐ µsÐ µ gÐ µnrÐ µs (WhÐ µlÐ µhan 2000). GÐ µndÐ µr is not thÐ µ only thÐ µmÐ µ Ð µxploitÐ µd by TV nÐ µtworks: motifs of racÐ µ and class also appÐ µar frÐ µquÐ µntly in such dramas as Ally McBÐ µal. This drama illustratÐ µd, if not introducÐ µd, a nÐ µw stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µ that of a singlÐ µ and unhappy woman longing to form rÐ µlationships with a man; and not bÐ µing contÐ µnt with hÐ µr rolÐ µ as a succÐ µssful but unmarriÐ µd woman. Robin NÐ µlson (2001a, p. 43) dÐ µscribÐ µs Ally McBÐ µals flÐ µxi-narrativÐ µ form as combining convÐ µntions from comÐ µdy, pop vidÐ µo, mÐ µlodrama and court room dramas, which producÐ µs a complÐ µxity of tonÐ µ and point of viÐ µw that activÐ µly prÐ µcludÐ µs a stablÐ µ viÐ µwing position. Ally hÐ µrsÐ µlf is doublÐ µ codÐ µd ... at oncÐ µ an indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt profÐ µssional woman in chargÐ µ of hÐ µr dÐ µstiny and a vulnÐ µrablÐ µ wifÐ µ likÐ µ figurÐ µ waiting for Mr. Right to comÐ µ along (NÐ µlson, 2001a, p. 43). Throu gh its blurring of thÐ µ boundariÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn work and privatÐ µ lifÐ µ this sÐ µriÐ µs dÐ µcrÐ µasÐ µs thÐ µ gap bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn malÐ µs and fÐ µmalÐ µs, but it fails to prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µsÐ µ as mutually Ð µxclusivÐ µ catÐ µgoriÐ µs (MosÐ µlÐ µy and RÐ µad 2002). ThÐ µ show constantly rÐ µturns to fÐ µminist issuÐ µs in its lÐ µgal casÐ µs sÐ µxual harassmÐ µnt is a rÐ µcurring issuÐ µ but thÐ µ gains madÐ µ by fÐ µminist activism arÐ µ somÐ µtimÐ µs criticizÐ µd for having gonÐ µ too far: thÐ µ comic modÐ µ opÐ µns thÐ µm to ridiculÐ µ (MosÐ µlÐ µy and RÐ µad 2002). Similarly, Allys mÐ µlodramatic naturÐ µ impliÐ µs that shÐ µ nÐ µÃ µds and sÐ µÃ µks malÐ µ protÐ µction in hÐ µr lifÐ µ ShÐ µ doÐ µsnt simply fit into a malÐ µ-cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd workplacÐ µ focusÐ µd on rationality. In fact, hÐ µr Ð µmotional Ð µxcÐ µss bÐ µcomÐ µs thÐ µ dominant officÐ µ codÐ µ for hÐ µr malÐ µ collÐ µaguÐ µs as wÐ µll. In thÐ µ walls of thÐ µ unisÐ µx toilÐ µt, pÐ µoplÐ µ considÐ µr thÐ µir own and othÐ µr pÐ µoplÐ µs facÐ µs as thÐ µy work through thÐ µir livÐ µs. ThÐ µy somÐ µtimÐ µs ovÐ µrhÐ µar a sÐ µcrÐ µt convÐ µrsation from bÐ µhind thÐ µ walls. It is thÐ µ spacÐ µ whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ failurÐ µ to dividÐ µ masculinÐ µ and fÐ µmininÐ µ is powÐ µrfully symbolizÐ µd. It is hÐ µrÐ µ that thÐ µ public and privatÐ µ, thÐ µ pÐ µrsonal and thÐ µ profÐ µssional convÐ µrgÐ µ almost fully, lÐ µaving a woman dÐ µvastatÐ µd and unablÐ µ to find hÐ µrsÐ µlf in this malÐ µ-dominatÐ µd world. Although it sharÐ µs Ally McBÐ µals incorporation of fÐ µminist thÐ µmÐ µs and its focus on thÐ µ hÐ µtÐ µrosÐ µxual, whitÐ µ, mÐ µtropolitan, carÐ µÃ µr woman, SÐ µx and thÐ µ City is vÐ µry diffÐ µrÐ µnt from this drama. DiffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs arisÐ µ from thÐ µ conditions of its production and distribution as nichÐ µ markÐ µt that Ð µncouragÐ µs a division bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn mÐ µns and womÐ µns programming (CompainÐ µ and GomÐ µry 2000, p. 524). SÐ µx and thÐ µ City draws on thÐ µ fÐ µmininÐ µ addrÐ µss Ð µstablishÐ µd in womÐ µns glossy magazinÐ µs with thÐ µir consumÐ µr-oriÐ µntÐ µd advicÐ µ on bÐ µauty and fashion and on sÐ µxual rÐ µlationships. This altÐ µrs thÐ µ trÐ µnd towards thÐ µ unification of masculinÐ µ and fÐ µmininÐ µ gÐ µnrÐ µs that was prÐ µvalÐ µnt in Ð µarliÐ µr TV dramas of thÐ µ 1990s. In thÐ µ fÐ µminist thought thÐ µ rights of womÐ µn to work outsidÐ µ thÐ µ homÐ µ and to bÐ µ ablÐ µ to compÐ µtÐ µ on Ð µqual tÐ µrms with mÐ µn havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn always a cÐ µntral onÐ µ. In most dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd Ð µconomiÐ µs not only do womÐ µn now makÐ µ up morÐ µ than 50 pÐ µr cÐ µnt of thÐ µ workforcÐ µ, but also thÐ µy arÐ µ working in carÐ µÃ µrs prÐ µviously dominatÐ µd by mÐ µn (NÐ µlson 2001b). In modÐ µrn world, howÐ µvÐ µr, fÐ µmalÐ µs arÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to quÐ µstion whÐ µthÐ µr it was worth it, adding to thÐ µ mÐ µntionÐ µd abovÐ µ stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µ of a succÐ µssful, but unhappy singlÐ µ woman. Such sÐ µriÐ µs as SÐ µx and thÐ µ City form a viÐ µw that thÐ µ pÐ µrsonal cost for profÐ µssional womÐ µn of compÐ µting in a mans world is rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd as making it morÐ µ difficult to find a man to marry. ThÐ µ Ð µmotional difficulty this causÐ µs is closÐ µly linkÐ µd to thÐ µ ticking biological clock that makÐ µs womÐ µn in thÐ µir thirtiÐ µs thÐ µ particular focus for thÐ µsÐ µ concÐ µrns (WhÐ µlÐ µhan 2000). In fictional vÐ µrsions of this discoursÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µmotional tonÐ µ tÐ µnds towards mÐ µlodrama, with thÐ µ Ð µmphasis on thÐ µ impossibility of a woman gÐ µtting what shÐ µ wants - shÐ µ is a failing figurÐ µ. AltÐ µrnativÐ µly, thÐ µ tonÐ µ is comÐ µdic, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ dilÐ µmma of thÐ µ thirty-somÐ µthing singlÐ µ girl is a sign of hÐ µr inadÐ µquacy as a woman (WhÐ µlÐ µhan 2000). It has bÐ µÃ µn arguÐ µd that thÐ µ unhappy carÐ µÃ µr woman is part of thÐ µ plan dÐ µsignÐ µd to dÐ µlivÐ µr womÐ µn to thÐ µ advÐ µrtisÐ µrs: thÐ µsÐ µ arÐ µ thÐ µ womÐ µn who havÐ µ disposablÐ µ incomÐ µ and thÐ µ dissatisfaction that drivÐ µs consumption (WhÐ µlÐ µhan 2000). AltÐ µrnativÐ µly, it can bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn as a rÐ µsponsÐ µ to a fÐ µminist stratÐ µgy of sÐ µÃ µking Ð µquality with (rathÐ µr than valuing womÐ µns diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ from) mÐ µn. In thÐ µsÐ µ tÐ µrms, modÐ µrn fÐ µminist thought is a nÐ µcÐ µssary mÐ µasurÐ µ to propÐ µrly dÐ µscribÐ µ thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ public and privatÐ µ sphÐ µrÐ µs of womÐ µns livÐ µs (Hollows 2000). In thÐ µ womÐ µn-cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd drama of modÐ µrn tÐ µlÐ µvision, thÐ µ division bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ work and thÐ µ domÐ µstic sphÐ µrÐ µ that prÐ µvÐ µnts womÐ µn from having it all has bÐ µcomÐ µ blurrÐ µd. This is achiÐ µvÐ µd in SÐ µx and thÐ µ City bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ world of work largÐ µly disappÐ µars from viÐ µw, although thÐ µ womÐ µns autonomy from mÐ µn is undÐ µrwrittÐ µn by thÐ µir Ð µconomic indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncÐ µ. Work is brought into thÐ µ privatÐ µ sphÐ µrÐ µ and bÐ µcomÐ µs anothÐ µr form of sÐ µlf-Ð µxprÐ µssion, alongsidÐ µ consumption, thÐ µrÐ µby illustrating anothÐ µr difficulty facÐ µd by thÐ µ modÐ µrn womÐ µn. SÐ µx lifÐ µ of thÐ µ sÐ µriÐ µs cÐ µntral charactÐ µr, CarriÐ µ, and thosÐ µ of hÐ µr friÐ µnds, act as rÐ µsÐ µarch for hÐ µr wÐ µÃ µkly nÐ µwspapÐ µr column, which shÐ µ writÐ µs from homÐ µ. Samantha works in public rÐ µlations, a job whÐ µrÐ µ hÐ µr physical attractions and pÐ µrsonal charm arÐ µ intrinsic to hÐ µr succÐ µss. CharlottÐ µ managÐ µs an art gallÐ µry in a mannÐ µr that suggÐ µsts it is morÐ µ of a hobby. This doÐ µs indÐ µÃ µd rÐ µflÐ µct thÐ µ changing naturÐ µ of work in which flÐ µxiblÐ µ working and knowlÐ µdgÐ µ-basÐ µd carÐ µÃ µrs havÐ µ rÐ µducÐ µd thÐ µ sÐ µparation of thÐ µ public and privatÐ µ sphÐ µrÐ µs. Only Miranda fÐ µÃ µls thÐ µ contradiction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn hÐ µr privatÐ µ lifÐ µ and hÐ µr carÐ µÃ µr succÐ µss as a lawyÐ µr, whÐ µrÐ µ long hours and a compÐ µtitivÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µnt conflict with hÐ µr lifÐ µ as a singlÐ µ mothÐ µr in latÐ µr sÐ µasons of thÐ µ show. ThÐ µ main Ð µxpÐ µctation is that modÐ µrn TV drama will bÐ µ about singlÐ µ womÐ µn wanting to gÐ µt marriÐ µd SÐ µx and thÐ µ City was initially markÐ µtÐ µd as such to fÐ µÃ µd into thosÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µctations. ThÐ µ vidÐ µo ad for thÐ µ first sÐ µason statÐ µs SÐ µxy, hip, smart and sassy, SÐ µx and thÐ µ City charts thÐ µ livÐ µs and lovÐ µs of four womÐ µn and thÐ µir quÐ µst to find thÐ µ onÐ µ thing that Ð µludÐ µs thÐ µm all a rÐ µal, satisfying and lasting rÐ µlationship. Is such a thing possiblÐ µ in NÐ µw York? (Hollows 2000) YÐ µt, unlikÐ µ in Ð µarliÐ µr sÐ µriÐ µs, in SÐ µx and thÐ µ City thÐ µ singlÐ µ womÐ µns unhappinÐ µss isnt rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd as womÐ µn choosing a carÐ µÃ µr ovÐ µr a man. Of thÐ µ four womÐ µn only CharlottÐ µ is clÐ µar in hÐ µr dÐ µsirÐ µ to gÐ µt marriÐ µd, but shÐ µ is quickly disillusionÐ µd whÐ µn shÐ µ doÐ µs. ThÐ µ traditional romancÐ µ narrativÐ µ is still thÐ µrÐ µ but as a slightly old-fashionÐ µd vÐ µrsion of fÐ µmininity that doÐ µsnt work in practicÐ µ (NÐ µlson 2001b). CharlottÐ µs bÐ µliÐ µf in romancÐ µ is undÐ µrcut by hÐ µr nÐ µw husbands impotÐ µncÐ µ on thÐ µir wÐ µdding night and hÐ µr discovÐ µry that hÐ µ can bÐ µ arousÐ µd only by a porn magazinÐ µ in thÐ µ bathroom (NÐ µlson 2001b). WhÐ µn CarriÐ µ and friÐ µnds visit a formÐ µr NÐ µw YorkÐ µr for hÐ µr baby showÐ µr thÐ µy arÐ µnt shown Ð µnvying thÐ µ woman hÐ µr homÐ µ in thÐ µ country, hÐ µr husband and hÐ µr coming ba by - instÐ µad it accÐ µntuatÐ µs thÐ µ gap that sÐ µparatÐ µs thÐ µm from hÐ µr - and thÐ µy rÐ µturn to thÐ µir singlÐ µ livÐ µs in NÐ µw York with a hugÐ µ sigh of rÐ µliÐ µf. Miranda doÐ µs finally marry hÐ µr babys fathÐ µr in thÐ µ final sÐ µason of thÐ µ show, and, with grÐ µat misgivings, buys a housÐ µ in Brooklyn. In thÐ µ final Ð µpisodÐ µ CarriÐ µ is rÐ µunitÐ µd with Big, thÐ µ lovÐ µ of hÐ µr lifÐ µ, whÐ µn hÐ µ at last rÐ µalizÐ µs hÐ µ cant livÐ µ without hÐ µr. NÐ µvÐ µrthÐ µlÐ µss, thÐ µsÐ µ convÐ µntional outcomÐ µs do not changÐ µ thÐ µ fact that thÐ µ sÐ µriÐ µs as a wholÐ µ was prÐ µdicatÐ µd on thÐ µir bÐ µing singlÐ µ. ThÐ µ widÐ µsprÐ µad popular succÐ µss of SÐ µx and thÐ µ City and Ally McBÐ µal suggÐ µsts that tÐ µlÐ µvision has found yÐ µt anothÐ µr way to Ð µxploit womÐ µn, by crÐ µating a stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µd imagÐ µ of a succÐ µssful, indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt, but unhappy fÐ µmalÐ µ who is prÐ µoccupiÐ µd, if not obsÐ µssÐ µd, with finding hÐ µr husband Mr. Right. Although TV dramas abandonÐ µd thÐ µ old imagÐ µ of womÐ µn as wivÐ µs and housÐ µkÐ µÃ µpÐ µrs, thÐ µy still fail to adÐ µquatÐ µly portray thÐ µm as indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt and happy, dÐ µspitÐ µ thÐ µir involvÐ µmÐ µnt in pÐ µrsonal rÐ µlationships and having a man by thÐ µir sidÐ µ. Tim Ð µxploration of gÐ µndÐ µr rolÐ µs is Ð µnablÐ µd by changÐ µs in thÐ µ rÐ µgulatory rÐ µgimÐ µ of tÐ µlÐ µvision as a consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µ of digital convÐ µrgÐ µncÐ µ. It has movÐ µd closÐ µr to thÐ µ frÐ µÃ µdoms Ð µnjoyÐ µd by thÐ µ print mÐ µdia and thÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt as comparÐ µd to thÐ µ sÐ µnsitivity to rÐ µligious viÐ µws historically shown by thÐ µ tÐ µlÐ µvision nÐ µtworks. This Ð µnablÐ µs SÐ µx and thÐ µ City to Ð µxploit fully thÐ µ glossy womÐ µn's magazinÐ µs' consumÐ µrist approach to sÐ µxuality. In this rÐ µspÐ µct, such shows as Ally McBÐ µal and SÐ µx and thÐ µ City has movÐ µd a long way from thÐ µ kind of family-cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd sitcoms that havÐ µ prÐ µviously dominatÐ µd thÐ µ nÐ µtwork schÐ µdulÐ µs. Linking gÐ µndÐ µr motifs with thÐ µ TV sitcom has providÐ µd thÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssary spacÐ µ to furthÐ µr Ð µxploit gÐ µndÐ µr, racÐ µ, and class issuÐ µs.

Writing an Aviation Term Paper That Deserves the Highest Grade

Writing an Aviation Term Paper That Deserves the Highest Grade When one thinks of aviation, the first thing that often comes to their mind is seeing and perhaps using an airplane. Not many consider the efforts and the amount of learning that goes into making the aircraft safe enough for people to take them from one destination to another. Consider the engineers who have to study for long hours and practice as much as possible to not only design but also build the aircraft, to be involved in the production of different materials, details that go into the plane, and the pilots who go through training for many years to ensure they can operate such large machines. Each of these individuals has prepared a term paper at some point in their academic life. If you are involved in the field of aviation or are considering or want to be a part of this sector, you will inevitably find yourself having to write such a paper too. Writing a high-quality aviation term paper is dependent on how well you understand the basics of academic writing. While you might have some guidance from your professors about the basics of writing the paper, it is essential to understand how to prepare aviation term papers, and this aviation term paper guide will highlight what you need to become an expert. Pick a Suitable Topic for an Aviation Term Paper: Suggestions from Our Writers One of the first areas where you might encounter the requirement to write an aviation term paper is likely at school. Your professor might not necessarily give you tasks that require in-depth research involving technical data or complicated calculations. You might have the choice to write a term paper on aviation or a related topic. At the very least, there are three critical things you should consider before writing: Pick an issue that is specific. Term papers are between five and seven pages which might not leave much opportunity for an extended discussion. You might not have a chance to cover too much information. At the same time, you need to find a topic that will allow you to cover it well without going over the word limit. It might be helpful to search for the topic on aviation-related websites. You could also think about particular areas that you might like to examine and narrow your options to an issue that is not only small but also manageable. Choose something that does not have many technical terms. For instance, you could choose to write about a particular airplane model. However, if you do not know much about engineering and math aspects that define aviation, it might not help to choose such a topic. It would be difficult to simplify something that you are unable to understand fully. At this stage, it is not possible that you are an expert in the aviation field or have the knowledge that would make you grasp complex technical details. If you chose such a topic, it is likely that the teacher would either be shocked or confused while grading your paper. He or she might not believe that you know how to build a turbine so choosing an advanced topic might be too difficult for you to carry out an adequate analysis. Try to stay away from topics that have been discussed many times before. If you wish to write about an aspect that many people have considered, do your best to avoid the obvious choices. Consult with your friends and other students to find out what they are writing about so that you do not end up writing on the same issue. For instance, you might find it interesting to write about the history of aviation. As exciting as it might seem, there are many papers written on this matter. It is likely that your teacher has gone through students who have done similar topics. Set aside some time to find a choice that would help you create a unique term paper and at the same time ensure the teacher is not bored enough that could cause you a failing grade. The following sample topics might also give you an idea of which way to go when it comes to writing an aviation term paper: The Evolution of the Jet Engine; The Growth of Commercial Space Travel; History and Development of Airport Security; The Safety of Commercial Airlines; Current Status and Future of the Airline Industry; The State of the Airline Industry Following the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks. As you can see, it is relatively easy to narrow down to a topic that you might like and take an interesting approach. The rules above will be helpful when deciding what to dedicate an aviation term paper to. They will enable you to come up with a unique piece of work thereby ensuring a top grade. Choosing the topic is only the first step. After picking a problem, you need to learn the best way to write it and the essential aspects to consider while analyzing and writing the term paper. The 2 ‘Before-Writing’ Missions As you begin writing the aviation term paper, it might be difficult to determine the best place to start. Even if you have clear prompts and a clear understanding of the material and numerous ideas, beginning a paper can present a significant challenge. The following strategies might help you get a better understanding of how to finally structure your paper: Brainstorming. Here, you would quickly write down each of your thoughts about the topic as fast as they appear to you. Think of your ideas as if they are a storm going around in your head, and you have to remove them. The writing does not have to be formal or organized at this stage. You can even use bullet points to write down your ideas because brainstorming often looks like a list as opposed to a recognizable piece of writing. Carry out some free writing. It will help you to answer some fundamental questions about the specific topic you want to discuss. In this case, think about the different problems you might give an answer to and the things you want to say about your issue. Free writing might provide you with an idea about the amount of research you will need to carry out. If you can answer a vast majority of the questions your research would pose, it might help you determine the type of information you could add to make your paper interesting. It is also important to consider the kinds of guidelines you have. You should also take notes about the additional actions you might have to take to ensure that the term paper meets the requirements. These are the essential elements which you have to adopt if you want to prepare an aviation term paper that gets a high grade. Learn to Effectively Structure an Aviation Term Paper So you have your topic picked out, and you have a general idea about what you want to discuss. You must learn how to present the information in a logical way that will tell your professor and the people who will read your paper exactly what you want to say about the issue. It is critical that you structure everything in its proper section to ensure a flow of information, At its base, the term paper is made up of four parts: the introduction, literature review, discussion, the body, and conclusion. The Introduction. Here, you must state the topic you wish to investigate and present the overall context of the research. This part is the most critical moment of the work. Overall the introduction and the conclusion should tell the reader what your topic was about. The introduction is preceded by an abstract which provides an overview of the entire paper. This section should end with a thesis which tells the reader why they should be concerned about the problem, the scientific methods you will use, and the results. The literature review provides an opportunity to examine the information already posted about the problem. It is essential to be careful in this section because it is likely that your professor will look at it carefully to ensure that you have a firm understanding of the arguments you are presenting. Also, make sure to collect as much information as possible. This section is a journey that enables you to interact with a significant amount of reading. The discussion part of the paper presents you with the chance to outline what you have interpreted about the problem. Be honest and explain the data that you do not agree with and the different concepts that you think support your paper. This particular section helps to link practice and theory when writing the paper. In the paper’s body, emphasize the arguments that support your thesis statement. It is essential for this section to be logical which is why you must choose a simple topic. When writing this part, always consider your professor. Do not only record the most apparent causes and solutions. Take time to outline what you found out during the research and how it demonstrates your thesis statement. Finally, the conclusion is where you summarize the content and its purpose. Restate your thesis statement and provide a brief analysis of how it justifies your topic. In the end, you could present a question aimed at encouraging the reader to reflect on the subject. The Great Power of an Outline Writing a term paper without the necessary planning is impossible. During this planning process, you can write the draft. It will help you to determine which direction you want your term paper to go. Your method can be as simple as using a pencil and a notebook. During this section, you will come up with your first draft. Write as many drafts as possible to help you reach your goal a quality paper. Your aim, in this case, is to create an excellent piece of work. Hence, practice until you feel right about it. Post-Writing Stage: Evaluate Your Chances to Get an A+ Your journey towards writing a perfect term paper is almost over. You have chosen your topic and learned the steps to make it a logical piece of work. However, you need to think about a few details which, if ignored, might undermine the quality of the paper: Check the professors requirements. In an aviation term paper, the professor presents the outcomes he/she wants to be met in your work page length and the type of format. It is essential to understand each of these outcomes before beginning the term paper. Show an understanding of the theories in the aviation field and use the right language to get solutions to the research question. Use high-quality sources. Before writing the paper, do some research and find sources that are peer-reviewed to prove your arguments. Ensure that you have a balance between books, credible Internet sources, and journal articles. Follow the expected writing format. For instance, if the professor requires you to apply APA to your paper, ensure that you have followed the latest version. The Final Flourish Proofreading You will only be assured of the highest grade if you present an article with no errors. Engaging in this step after finishing the entire paper is essential. Proofreading occurs following some actions that will result in a proper term paper you can be confident in. Give some rest to the term paper before proofreading. This time will provide your mind with space it needs to absorb and understand the information. You might get the opportunity to examine the paper with a fresh perspective. Go through your work as many times as possible. It is almost sure that you will encounter many faults. They might be grammar, simple mistakes in spelling or facts. As you are doing the proofreading, focus on the structural challenges. Make sure that the thesis statement is logical and easy to understand and that the information provided supports this statement. Even if you do not see any serious problems, focus on aspects such as formatting and punctuation. Make sure to explain any technical terms. Never assume that the professor understands these concepts. Use academic language and remove any informal references as these can reduce the overall quality of the paper. You want to ensure that the paper you present to the professor is a masterpiece. Avoid using such contractions as its and wont as they often bring down the quality of a term paper. The information contained in this guide on how to write an aviation term paper will provide you with all the tools you need to present an excellent aviation term paper. Following it means saving yourself time surfing the Internet for a template on this type of writing. Using the aviation term paper tips will give you a significant advantage over other students and make your process of preparing the term paper more effective!

Of Mice and Men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Mice and Men - Essay Example It is often said that ‘In tragedies, the central character comes to a realization about his life or an understanding of life in general as a result of his suffering. This true of in the case of Of Mice and Men also. This paper explains how the central character George Milton of Mice and Men realize about his life as a result of his suffering. The central characters of this novel are two migrant field workers; George Milton and Lennie Small. Milton was an intelligent man whereas Lennie Small, was a man with limited mental abilities. His behaviors were just like that of a child. During Great Depression, they traveled to different parts of California in search of fortune. Lennie created lot of problems to George since he was mentally retarded. George protected Lennie from mishaps and attacks from others. However, Lennie’s mental problems finally forced him to commit serious crimes like unintentional killing of a woman. George realized that Lennie is going to suffer a painful death penalty. The only thing George could do for his friend was to allow him to die peacefully without pain. George forced to shoot Lennie to save him from pain full death penalty. George dreamed of a prosperous future life even when he faced lot of troubles. He was optimistic and thought that the future life would be a happy one. However, his dr eams never came true and he forced to kill Lennie to save him from painful death.

Synopsis of the Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Synopsis of the Activity - Essay Example In the case of King- san life, the Adultery is divided into kinship ties of casts. According to Max Weber, the social class is a group that is divided into a broad definition other than material or wealth such as prestige, honor, and the type of religion an individual responds to. The perspective of Adultery by Parsons argues to the aspects placed on social differentiation. The society is defined by such social pledges keen in differentiating the patterns of socialization (Harris 45). The Adultery of the King-san life The take on adultery on the life of the king is evident in the article. After reading this article, it strikes me that King-san life use polygamy. I never knew that much about the religion of Mormonism. The church’s practice on polygamy has created controversies in the past. It is the same as today the same still runs. It was interesting to learn that Mormonism came from Christianity. Christians have no reception for polygamy as many denominations do not accept t he culture. This article directly relates to the primary source document because Joseph Smith discusses about his family and having multiple wives and in this article, bowman talks about more than one wife at the same time (Heider and Blakely 34). Adultery is not considered by the King-san life as the relationship if the individuals are in a union of marriage. The King-san life thought they were justified and did not think this was considered adultery. Though, if women were to do the same deed, they would have committed adultery. In the society of the King-san life, the women are belittled in the eyes of men, as they are considered possessions. During this time, men had all the power and women were treated unfairly. The men could get away with any relationship misfit as compared to women. The society that Joseph Smith currently lives in is still the same, but on a different level. Women remain the weaker sex. They cannot get away with things that men would simply get away with rando mly. The importance of literacy is applicable is the functioning of a society. According to (Andersen & Taylor, 2007) literacy plays an important role of how literal children will apply theoretical aspects in real life experience. In the case of the King-san life these strong literacy skills will ensure continuity of a community in the sense of earning a good job, earnings or even gaining training opportunities. Literacy comes through various studies, but main through education. One gains the different types of literacy through education from an elderly person or belonging to a given community (Hughes, Sharrock and Martin 78). The types of literacy include functional, cultural, and critical. Functional literacy is the ability of an individual to use basic reading and writing skills to run daily activities. It is the ability to read and write basic sentences in a given language. It is the ability of one to freely and easily communicate with others. Cultural literacy is the ability of an individual to relate to allusions, informal content and idioms that are related with the dominant culture. This includes one being familiar with street signs, restaurant signs, and commonly used slang. Relation to commonly used expression, art and historical experience is one of the aspects used by the culture. Critical literacy is the highest level of literacy. It involves an individual being able to interpret given

Will lowering the legal drinking age to 18 have a positive or negative Research Proposal

Will lowering the legal drinking age to 18 have a positive or negative impact (could narrow it to binge-drinking by college students) - Research Proposal Example Societies form concepts from experience; what defines a chair in one culture could very well differ from the definition of a chair in another. In certain cultures, what is perceived as an adult human being often too differs from culture to culture. There is no easy, clear-cut biological answer to the question of how one is to differentiate between the pre-adult and adult stages of human development; if there were, many ethical and political dilemmas which face contemporary societies would be answered without difficulty. Nevertheless, modern Western civilization has a clear ambivalence towards the subject of what it considers to be an adequate level of maturity in a human being to make him or her an adult human being. One concern which is intimately connected with and ultimately contingent upon the dividing line between these two stages of human life is the age at which young people are allowed to consume alcohol without restrictions. Most states in the United States have set the MLDA 1 at 21 years; thus, the age which the government respects individuals as having the proper level of maturity stands at 21 years (Montgomer, Foley and Wolfson). Youth drinking beneath this MLDA represents a serious public safety risk, both to the offenders themselves and those around them. This includes large social costs which come from irresponsible behavior. Public policies in the United States either aim to reduce alcohol supply to or alcohol demand from youth. Certain factors stand in the way of state public policies being properly enforced or having their intended effect: neighboring states may have differing policies, alcohol companies may lobby against strict enforcement, and the ubiquity of alcohol in contemporary society makes the acquisition of the substance almost too easy for underage drinkers. Whether or not such policies are, or can be, enforced according to law is a question to be addressed in turn. For much time, the solution to the rising occurrences

Questions of Banking of Canada, USA, UK, France Assignment

Questions of Banking of Canada, USA, UK, France - Assignment Example Nations’ GDPs are still below their pre-crisis peak in many rich countries, particularly in Europe, where the financial crisis has progressed into the euro crisis (Cummings, 2013; Grant & Wilson, (2012). The impacts of the crash are still heaving through the global economy (Cummings, 2013). After the 2008 financial crisis, some countries began modifying their financial and monetary policies to protect the interests of their countries and their economies (Franken, 2010). This essay examines the actions of France, UK, USA and Canada following the financial crisis (Cornett et al., 2011). The U.S was worst hit by the financial crunch. Market participants, investors and consumers were hastily losing trust in the America’s financial system stability (Cummings, 2013). Confronted with this reality, the U.S. federal government acted with powerful force and speed to stem the country’s panic. The first series and sequence of actions, including large guarantees of bank accounts, cash market funds and liquidity by the Federal Reserve, were less (Hall, 2009; Reyes, 2013). Realizing that extra tools were required to address a swiftly deteriorating situation, the Bush Administration recommended a law that created the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) (Cummings, 2013). The Congress passed that measure with bipartisan support; President Bush signed it to law on October 3, 2008 (Federal Reserve, 2009). The Bush Administration implemented some of the programs under TARP (Cornett et al., 2011). The Obama Administration carried on with the programs and added others (Dorsey, T. W., Asmundson, Khachatryan, Dorsey, Niculcea, Saito & IMF, 2011). Under TARP’s authority, the administration ensures to keep credit flowing to businesses and consumers. Additionally, the administration helps straining homeowners avoid foreclosure, and inhibits the collapse of the American automobile industry,

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies Essay

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies - Essay Example By presenting these aspects of the marketing perspective of the pharmaceutical industry this paper attempts to come to the conclusion that in the final outcome of these marketing practices it is the care of the patients that is negatively affected. Introduction: Market conditions have never been so good for the pharmaceutical industry. The amount of money spent in the United States of America on prescription drugs was a whopping $141 billion in 2001, as per figures provided by the CMS Office of the Actuary. This expenditure on prescription drugs has made it the third largest factor in the expenditure on national health care in the United States of America. In 1990 for every dollar spent on health care, prescription drugs made up six cents. The proportional expenditure on prescription drugs has shown a significant rise by 2001 to ten percent. By 2010, this proportional expenditure on prescription drugs is expected to rise to 14.2%, more than doubling, in a period of two decades. There have been several factors that have contributed to this remarkable growth in spending on prescription drugs. These factors are the increased use of prescription drugs, an aging population, development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic ailmen ts, increasing consumer demand for prescription drugs, and the escalating cost of drugs. Unfortunately these good times have not made the pharmaceutical companies satisfied with the profits that this extra demand for prescription drugs would generate from their existing market share of the expenditure on prescription drugs. Instead the lure of raking in profits has made the pharmaceutical industries attempt to carve out a larger share of the pie, in terms of the prescription drug market.

Questions of Banking of Canada, USA, UK, France Assignment

Questions of Banking of Canada, USA, UK, France - Assignment Example Nations’ GDPs are still below their pre-crisis peak in many rich countries, particularly in Europe, where the financial crisis has progressed into the euro crisis (Cummings, 2013; Grant & Wilson, (2012). The impacts of the crash are still heaving through the global economy (Cummings, 2013). After the 2008 financial crisis, some countries began modifying their financial and monetary policies to protect the interests of their countries and their economies (Franken, 2010). This essay examines the actions of France, UK, USA and Canada following the financial crisis (Cornett et al., 2011). The U.S was worst hit by the financial crunch. Market participants, investors and consumers were hastily losing trust in the America’s financial system stability (Cummings, 2013). Confronted with this reality, the U.S. federal government acted with powerful force and speed to stem the country’s panic. The first series and sequence of actions, including large guarantees of bank accounts, cash market funds and liquidity by the Federal Reserve, were less (Hall, 2009; Reyes, 2013). Realizing that extra tools were required to address a swiftly deteriorating situation, the Bush Administration recommended a law that created the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) (Cummings, 2013). The Congress passed that measure with bipartisan support; President Bush signed it to law on October 3, 2008 (Federal Reserve, 2009). The Bush Administration implemented some of the programs under TARP (Cornett et al., 2011). The Obama Administration carried on with the programs and added others (Dorsey, T. W., Asmundson, Khachatryan, Dorsey, Niculcea, Saito & IMF, 2011). Under TARP’s authority, the administration ensures to keep credit flowing to businesses and consumers. Additionally, the administration helps straining homeowners avoid foreclosure, and inhibits the collapse of the American automobile industry,

UK Economic Policies Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UK Economic Policies - Dissertation Example Economic Policy Measures undertaken on or before the 1990s. †¢ Privatization ï  ¶ Mainly aimed to tackle the stagflation that gulped the nation during the 1970s and to prevent further such developments. However has been criticised by a number of economists. ï  ¶ Also enabled the revision of labour laws so as to reduce the power of the labour union and assign more power to the company. ï  ¶ Moreover, the competitive spirit that the step would instil among the producers will help the nation to achieve a comparatively advantageous position. ï  ¶ Most relevant sectors, other than the postal system, were privatized. ï  ¶ The scheme was preceded by a number of failures and required a lot of effort from the then Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, before it finally achieved success almost a decade later. †¢ Reduction in unemployment benefits combined with a modification of tax laws that might act as an incentive for higher production and thus an improved GDP position (Wagnur, 2000). †¢ Modification of the education system in the country and providing maximum financial coverage to the students. †¢ New pension plans so as to shift the burden from the state to the individuals. ï  ¶ Introduction of pay-as-you-go scheme in the occupational structure, where the individual has to purchase and become a part of some pension benefit scheme (Taylor-Gooby, 2006). †¢ Increased housing ownership due to introduction of buyer-side subsidies. †¢ Capital account convertibility that helped the inflow foreign investments.

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay Example for Free

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay To understand the ethical implications of genetic engineering, we must first understand what genetic engineering is. Genes are units that code for specific characteristics. Such characteristics are hair and eye colour and we inherit these from our parents. It is chromosomes in the cell nuclei than enable your body to inherit features or, more specifically, it is the DNA that makes up the chromosomes that forms a unique genetic code for every human being (apart from identical twins). It is estimated that the human body has around 50,000 to 100,000 different genes contained inside, some of which have been linked to certain diseases. Scientists claim to have identified 4,000 conditions that are linked to just one fault or defect in a persons genetic makeup, which is where genetic engineering comes in. At present a project is taking place to identify the function of every gene in the human body. The Human Genome Project aims to uncover the cause for many diseases and find a cure for them. One such way, is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, as a cure for disease, is the removal of a defective gene sequence and the remodelling of it. But this isnt the only definition given for genetic engineering. Compassion in World Farming describes it as the taking of genes from one species of plant or animal and inserting them into a completely different species. It is obvious, therefore, that genetic engineering is used for different things, in different situations. In this essay I will look at some of the varying uses genetic engineering has in todays world and the ethical implications of such uses. Genetic Engineering and the Law At present human cloning is illegal in the UK, although there are many countries were such a law does not exist. And although, technically, it may be possible to clone humans in the way animals have been, the Act of Parliament strictly forbids ever doing with human eggs what we have done with sheep eggs Dr Ron James Head of PPL Therapeutics. Nor are scientists allowed to mass produce human eggs for in-vitro fertilisation- something that many scientists have been pushing for for years. Genetically modified crops are also strictly controlled by the law. Such UK laws include: The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 1992 and The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations 1992. These laws are in addition to the standard For Safety Act which specifies that food must be fit for consumption. Several government bodies have been set up to assess and regulate GM foods including ACNFP, COT, FAC and, the most important, The Department of Environment. The DOE requires tat anyone proposing a release must apply to them for consent first. It is then advised by the Advisory Committee on Release to the Environment on the granting of consents. At a European level, the Regulation on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients was introduced in May 1997 and covers labelling of foods no longer equivalent to its conventional counterparts. But despite the introduction of laws, many people are still unhappy, and are pushing for further action. For example the CIWF believe GM meat should be clearly labelled, although they also say it should not be sold in the first place. They see the genetic engineering of farm animals for food as cruel and unnecessary. But the question remains: are they right? Few people know the implications of genetic engineering and what it really involves and many are ignorant of what to expect from GM. Genetic Engineering and Animals/ Humans Everyone knows the story of the first cloned animal. The Finn Dorset sheep, known as Dolly, was the first new-born mammal to be cloned from adult cells and is a miracle for scientists the world over. She had opened many new windows of opportunity for scientists who hope to soon be able to clone humans using the same technology. The possibilities really are endless. A single cell from an elite racehorse could be used to create hundreds of identical copies, each with the same elite genetic makeup. However pleasing this heady new discovery is, there is a widespread argument over whether or not cloning is right. Is it simply a wonderful new way to develop a generation of disease-free animals and humans or is it tampering with nature and playing God? Many people see it as the answer to all problems, that screening can reveal vital information about a persons life span and health future. Genetic engineering could, in theory, identify genetic defects early on, giving time to replace the faulty gene and cure the sufferer. Predicting disease is a major use for genetic engineering and one that could change the way we live forever. At present scientist are working on a genetic test known as the GeneChip. They claim in a few years doctors will be able to take a simple mouth swab and, using the GeneChip, look through your DNA for disease prospects. Although they have come under fire from their critics, geneticists argue that anyone is entitled to know what their future holds for the health-wise. Indeed they say the information can be vital for planning out the rest of your life if, for example, you are a woman with a likelihood to develop breast cancer. Pre-natal diagnosis is also another option that could soon be open to the public. Parents could be made aware of any flaws there may be in their childs DNA and could decide whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy. Genetic engineering could also be used to grow substances like human insulin and growth hormone on a huge level. Currently scientists are looking at introducing blood-clotting genes for haemophiliacs and purifying milk from GM sheep for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. They are also hoping to study presently incurable diseases in the hope they might be able to introduce a cure using genetic engineering. There are also high hopes for animals in genetic engineering. Transgenic animals (or those that have been given a gene from another animal) have many uses. They can produce more meat and milk, feeding the starving, and they can grow faster, with the possibility of less fatty meat. They can be bred to resist disease, but also develop disease so they might be tested on for further research. A biotechnology firm in Cambridge is working on a transgensic pig that could be bred to grow desperately needed organs for transplant into human beings. The technique can also be used to knock out genes, deleting proteins so that they might prevent BSE in cows. But it isnt all good news for genetic engineering, in fact there is a lengthy and strong argument as to why it is dangerous to go to take it to these levels. Many have disagreed with the predicting of disease, saying that many people may not be able to cope with the knowledge that they may contract a terminal disease- it could ruin lives. Also there has been widespread outcry over the Association of Insurance Brokers announcement that it will not offer life insurance over i 100,100 to anyone who had taken a genetic test that had predicted fatal disease and since 1995 there has been pressure form MPs to develop a code of practise concerning genetic screening. There are also fears of employers discriminating against potential employees who have the potential for life threatening illness in later life. Although scientists hope genetic engineering will provide many choices for parents, the BMA has voiced its concerns that the industry will cause selective breeding or the choice to abort a baby because of undesirable characteristics such as physical traits. The BMA have also said people have been mislead about the power to screen for later abnormalities. It says The number of abnormalities which can be detected in this way is limited and few of the tests are conclusive. The problem many people have with genetic engineering is the risk of error that is involved. Screening is complex and it is difficult to be precise every time. Faulty diagnosis could put an end to job prospects or insurance benefits, not to mention the psychological problems arising from finding out you have the potential to contract a fatal disease.

E Commerce In Small And Medium Tourism Enterprises Economics Essay

E Commerce In Small And Medium Tourism Enterprises Economics Essay In the emerging global economy, integration of information and communication technology in business is now becoming inevitable. E-commerce and e-business is becoming a necessary component of business strategy. Use of IT in business has enhanced productivity, enable mass customization, contribute a lot in cost reduction and encourage greater customer participation and boost business. E-commerce poses an advantage of reducing time to search for information and reduce transaction costs i.e. time for payment is drastically reduced as one can do transaction across continent in a very short time. Search of customers and markets is now can be easily facilitated by internet. Internet allows automatic packaging and distributes information to specified target group. Internet development and web-based technologies gradually narrow down distinctions between traditional markets and global electronic market place. The ability of companies to find out the emerging business opportunities and utilize or share the resources available is possible through internet. Companies can make most of opportunities through e-business strategy; it is workable, practicable and simple within the context of global information. With its effect of levelling the playing ground, e-commerce is tied with the appropriate strategy and policy approach that enables Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) to compete with large and capital-rich businesses. On another hand, developing countries are given increased access to the global marketplace, where they compete with and complement the more developed economies. Most, if not all, developing countries are already participating in e-commerce, either as sellers or buyers. However, to facilitate e-commerce growth in these countries, the relatively underdeveloped information infrastructure must be improved. The aim of this research is to asses whether the use of e-commerce in the tourism sector can be a tool to improve the economic prospects of developing countries .Its potentials and challenges is an issue to be scrutinized. SMEs that is able to adopt ecommerce on their touristic activities they can engage directly with the global tourism markets and bypass the intermediary information handlers to attract visitors and retain a larger proportion of tourism receipts. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS What is e-commerce: meaning and scope of e-commerce It is important to define this term in first place. Different authors have defined e-commerce in different ways making it difficult to have the globally recognised definition. Many authors defined e-commerce simply as buying and selling over the internet which raised different arguments. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) agued that e-commerce involves more than electronically mediated financial transactions between organisations and customers. They refer e-commerce to the following perspectives: A communication perspective The delivery of information, products/services or payment by electronic means A business perspective The application of technology towards the automation of business transaction and workflows A service perspective Enabling cost cutting at the same time increasing spend and quality of service delivery. An online perspective Buying and selling of products and information online. A pan African E-commerce initiative, sponsored by Economic Commission for Africa (EAC) and the International Development Research Centre (IDCR), in 2001 adopted the European Commission definition; Electronic commerce is about doing business electronically, it is based on the processing and transmission of data, including text, sound and video. It encompasses many diverse activities including electronic trading of goods and service activities online delivery of digital content, electronic fund transfer, electronic share trading, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, online sourcing, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and after-sales service. (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2006) this definition is broad and it covers the scope of e-commerce to the nation as well as industry. For the purpose of this essay we will adopt this definition. It is seen that almost each definition has similar components for example e-commerce is digitally enabled that means is taken through digital technologies such as internet. Also it is a commercial transaction which means there is an exchange of value. Laudon and Traver, 2007 commented that without an exchange of value no commerce occurs . E-COMMERCE CATEGORIES E-commerce transactions can be categorized in different classes regarding on the nature of the market relationship, that is who is selling to whom Business-to Consumer (B2C) This sale takes place when the business/organization sells its products/services directly to the consumer. Most consumers are likely to use this type of e-commerce. In 2005, consumers spent about $142-$172 billion. (Laudon and Traver, 2007 pp50) Business-to- Business (B2B) This is an online transaction between businesses, which means businesses focus on selling to other businesses. This is the largest form of e-commerce in terms of turnover about 80% of ecommerce is of this type. (Roberto R. Romulo Shahid Akhtar, Barlett, 200; Laudon and Traver,2002; UNCARD, 2002) (See appendix for more details) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) This is happen when consumers transact directly with other consumers. This form has great potential but it is less widely used (Chaffey, D. 2004 pp7) Hoffman and Novak suggested that is crucial for companies to take into consideration the C2C interactions. Consumer-to-Business (C2B) This is defined as the transaction appeared when consumers initiate trading with companies. (Chaffey, D. 2004 pp7) Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce) This is defined as the use of wireless digital devices to enable transactions on the web. These networks are used to connect cell phones, handled devices such as Blackberries, and personal computers to the web. (Laudon and Traver, 2007 pp18) SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN DCs DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Developing countries differ widely among themselves these days, and no single list of typical features would accurately describe all developing countries (Krugman and Obstfeld, 2006 pp 606). See the recently list of DCs as per IMF in the appendix SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES It is better to ask why focus on SMEs? It is obviously because of its role in economic development in most of developing countries. It acts as the backbone of their economy because most of its people are engaging in informal sector. Before we continue we better define the meaning of SMEs. According to Scarborough et all in their book effective small business management there is no universal definition of a small business. Some analysts and countries define it basing on number of employees or on sales volumes. They define a small business is the one which employs fewer than 100 people (Scarborough et all 2008; OECD 2004) While the South African Act gave their estimate to be between 100 and 200 persons or a turnover rate of 5 million Rand, while micro enterprises have up to 5 employees (Gorden, 2003);( Fred Tetteh Alarti-Amoako , 25/09/2008 )http://www.allbusiness.com/economy-economic-indicators/economic-conditions-growth/14555918-1.htmlDate 2/12/2010 SMEs play a key role in the countrys economical growth in most of the developing countries. For instance in Ghana the analyst says that SMEs accounts for about 90% in the economy which contributes about 60% to the countrys GDP. According to Mr. Baffour Awuah the Regional Minister (Ghana), the informal sector is the mechanism for the economic growth of the country because it is identified as a major source of income and employment. ( Fred Tetteh Alarti-Amoako , 25/09/2008 ) http://www.allbusiness.com/economy-economic-indicators/economic-conditions-growth/14555918-1.html Date 2/12/2010 SMEs have their significant effect on the income distribution, tax revenue, and employment, efficient utilization of resources and stability of family income. SMEs and informal enterprises, account for over 60% of GDP and over 70% of total employment in low income countries, the role of SMEs is well acknowledged in other countries such as Japan, Korea, and all other industrialized economies in terms of creating employment, reducing poverty and increasing the welfare of the society. According to the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA), SMEs constitute nearly 90% of all the enterprises in Pakistan; employ 80% of the non-agricultural labor force; and their share in the annual GDP is 40%. There are a number of factors responsible for the importance of SMEs in Pakistan. First, SMEs bolster an entrepreneurial spirit and put forward suppleness in the economy. Second, SMEs emanate the fastest growing export sub-sectors, such as cotton weaving and surgical instruments. Third, they can support the poverty alleviation endeavors through employment generation process. Above all, SMEs are more efficient in resource allocation as compare to that of large scale industry from a social point of view. They provide and facilitate the more number of people as compare to that of large scale industry. By: Bashir Ahmad Fida http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Importance+of+Small+and+Medium+Enterprises+(SMEs)+in+Economic-a01073924138 According to NASSCOM (National Assocition of Sftware and Services Companies) suvey there are about 3.4 million SMEs which acconts for 42% of manufacturing sectors turnover and 35% countrys exports.These SMEs employ over 17 million people. http://www.unescap.org/tid/publication/part_three2261_ind.pdfHYPERLINK http://www.unescap.org/tid/publication/part_three2261_ind.pdf Date 6/12/2010 Date 6/12/2010 The above analysis shows the reason why it is important to focus on SMEs in DCs. Adaptation of ecommerce would help the tourism sector to build competitive advantage in the world tourism market and tackle the globalisation pressures in DCs. TOURISM: AN ATTRACTIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TOOL This section will provide an overview of the tourism industry in developing countries based on secondary data with purpose of illustrating some of the principal challenges faced by the tourist industry in selected developing countries due to the rising importance of ICT and the potential benefits the tourism sector would gain if engaged in ecommerce. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. ( UNWTO, 2009) Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism DATE 7/12/2010 Tourism is a significant sector for small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) in the world and DCs in particular. Tourism is a key export for DCs and is one of the worlds largest industries generating an estimated 11% of global GDP and generating nearly 250 million jobs worldwide (Roe and Urquhart, 2001; WTO, 1996; Mill Morrison, 1999; Edgell, 1999; Lundberg et al, 1995).). DCs are receiving an increasing number of tourists, and this represent a significant part of their GDP. The trend of tourism demand is increasing rapidly and is a significant source of foreign exchange (WTO, 2002) tourism has assisted many developing countries to move away from a dependency on agriculture and manufacturing (Tooman, 1997). DCs are reach on natural endownment they can benefit from great wealth in wildlife and unique resorts, foreinstance Tanzania has a lot of attractions such as Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, Serengeti National Park one of the most beautiful parks in the world, and Ngorongoro Crater which is among the 8th wonder of the world. Lets have a look on how Zimbabwe is benefts from tourim. Tourism is one of the most promising aspects of Zimbabwes economy, attracting thousands of visitors and earning millions of dollars. Over the past 10years Zimbabwes tourist sector has scored impressive annual growth rates ofnearly 20%. According to the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA) total tourism receipts account for 4.6% of the countrys GDP. It is estimated that tourism employs close to 100,000 Zimbabweans, up from 40,500 in 1990. This growth in employment is impressive considering Zimbabwes unemployment rate is more than 50% of the potential workforce and that employment figures have remained static since 1990. African Business, 1999. This analysis is convincing that tourism is benefiting the society in developing countries economically and deploying ecommerce in its fully capacity in this sector is an appropriate way to maximize economic benefits in DCs because it improves efficiency and productivity. FORMS OF TOURISM Tourism can be divided into three forms according to the United Nations Domestic tourism is the one which involves residents of certain country travelling only within this country. Inbound tourism, is where by a non-residents travelling in the given country. Outbound tourism, involving residents who travel in another country. This analysis is focusing on all forms seeking to analyse how this sector in general is affected by ecommerce. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism date 7/12/2010 E-COMMERCE IN TOURISM Most managers would agree that we have recently entered a new era The information Age; which differs markedly from the industrial age. (Hollensen, 2001, pp21, Wyckoff, 1997:5) It is true that e-commerce has impacted on the way organizations do business by altering basic business dynamics of industrial economy to be replaced by digital economy. It has significantly effects on industry value chain it changes the tourism industry structure (e.g. traditional distribution model), for example in tourism organization where by company use the internet to bypass traditional tourism distributors. The table below shows these differences. Industry economy (Marketplace=physical products) Manufacturing dominates Barrier: physical distribution Barrier: lack of capital First-mover advantage was years Innovative ideas contained internally Relationships constrained by human capital Digital economy (Market space=e-commerce) Knowledge and relationships dominate E-distribution is the new barrier Capital is a commodity First-mover advantage is months Innovation is in the public domain Relationships can be established electronically. (Hollensen, 2001, pp335) E-Tourism E-Tourism is a collection of tourist services that combine with E-Commerce via Internet considering that E-Tourism constitutes the big portion of E-Commerce because it has included all common elements of tourist activities such as hotels, airlines, travel agents, car rentals, tourist sites, bazaars, and tourist guides. This includes governments which starts utilizing E-Tourism as an effective means to promote the tourism product through the Internet. Lately, banks have also taken their roles as service providers of E-Payment, which is an important element for E-Tourism. Â  http://www.ioeti.org/ioeti/pages/e-tourism date 8/12/2010 Trends and growth It is better to understand the trends of tourism world wide so that to understand where we are and the opportunities to glow. The UNCTAD 2001 report indicates that the demand for tourism products and services on the internet is growing. It revels that UK, German and France the Europes largest economies are expecting to experience further growth in online bookings in 2007.Advancement in information technology assures the increase of tourism market because it reduces barriers such as transportation and communication costs which provide opportunity of people to travel cheaply and comfortable. The World Tourism Organization reports the top ten tourism earners for the year 2009. (See appendix 1) Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism date 7/12/2010 Damian Cook, the chief executive officer of E-Tourism Frontiers said: Online sales have experienced major growth in the past year. Travel is now the number one selling commodity online and is generating over US $110 billion annually in sales. We must get more African tourism products available to the online travel shopper, especially following the massive interest in Africa after the World Cup.( by Paz Casal. 2010) Source: Euromonitor International. http://blog.euromonitor.com/2010/09/east-africa-turns-to-e-commerce-for-travel.html date 10/11/2010 The sector was badly affected by the late-2000s recession; international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months. THE OVERVIEW OF ICT USAGE AMONG SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SMEs go through different stages in adopting e-commerce. They start with creating a Web site primarily to advertise and promote the company and its products and services. When these firms begin generating traffic, inquiries and, eventually, sales through their Web sites, they are likely to engage in e-commerce For countries or sectors to adopt ecommerce on its activities it depends on the availability of ICT and internet in particular and its usage. Lets evaluate extent of ICT usage and the purpose of usage in DCs. Currently the Internet is most commonly used by SME firms in DCs for communication and research; the Internet is least used for e-commerce. ICT usage patterns among SMEs in developing countries show a progression from the use of the Internet for communication (primarily e-mail) to use of the Internet for research and information search, to the development of Web sites with static information about a firms goods or services, and finally to use of the Internet for e-commerce. Studies commissioned by The Asia Foundation on the extent of ICT use among SMEs in the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, show common use patterns, such as: 1. wide use of the Internet for e-mail because of the recognized cost and efficiency benefits; 2. use of Web sites more for promotion than for online sales or e-commerce, indicating that SMEs in these countries are still in the early stages of e-commerce; 3. common use of the Internet for basic research; and 4. inclination to engage more in offline transactions than in e-commerce because of security concerns. The worlds highest internet usage survey shows that India is in the fourth position while South Africa is out (see appendix 1). And if we consider regions Africa has the lowest internet usage. This indicates that available and new technologies are not adapted by African nations as well as SMEs to the full utilisation to enable Firms to survive in a rapidly changing environment. Zhu et all finds that the absence of awareness models to encourage SMEs to adopt ecommerce and internet as an available technology shows that the superlative enthusiasms of global on-line growth of business and consumer trade is still under utilized (Zhu et al, 2003) .The current situation of ecommerce application in India and South Africa would show in details. IN INDIA NASSCOM (National Association of Software and Service Companies) survey shows that the penetration of ecommerce transactions in India will increase. B2B transactions will reach on line penetration of 5% by 2003. The NASSCOM and Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report of 2000-2001 they estimate that the total volume of e-commerce in India will be Rs 1,950 billion (US $ 41.5 billion), out of which Rs 3 billion (US $ 64 million) accounts for B2C and Rs 1,920 ( US $ 41 billion) will be on B2B.(NASSCOM and BCG, 2001). http://www.unescap.org/tid/publication/part_three2261_ind.pdf IN SOUTH AFRICA The trend of ecommerce adoption in South Africa shows a slow impact (Cloete, Coyurtney, and Fintz, 2002:9) the study from the University of pretoria, summarised by Nua internet surveys, almost half of Internet users have made a purchase online. The University estimates that the B2C market in South Africa is worth R3.9 billion ($500 m), while the B2B market is worth about R20 bn ($2.4 bn). http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_storyHYPERLINK http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_storydoc_id=4378countryHYPERLINK http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_storydoc_id=4378countrydoc_id=4378HYPERLINK http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_storydoc_id=4378countryHYPERLINK http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_storydoc_id=4378countrycountry Date 6/12/2010 In SA, 8 online retailers are currently dominating the online consumer and apparel market accounts for approximately 80% of all online retail sales. Motjolopane (2006,20) reports tha Retail sales at the end of 2003 inreased by 35% grew by 25% in 2004. Ecommerce adopition has expanded rapidly in the airline industry in SA. According to Hartley and Worthington-Simith (2003:151-152), the volume of online travel sales compared to Erope. The no frills airline , Kulula.com is considered to be SAs largest revenue generating B2B business. 1time Airline another no frills airline is claiming 75% of online travell trasactions (Wardens and Remenyi, 2005). Andrew Smith, co-founder of Live Alchemy, concurs saying that while the rest of the worlds traditional retailers are often supplement their brick and mortar business quite successfully online, South African businesses are trading online. He says Telkom and the lack of Internet access have taken the blame for slow e-commerce uptake for far too long. http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/394/42916.html IMPORTANCE OF E-COMMERCE FOR TOURISM Scarborough analysed that although ecommerce will not replace the traditional retailing, no retailer from the smallest corner store to the industry giant Wal-Malt, can afford to ignore the impact of the web on its business. (Scarborough et all, 2009, pp 446) .Taking their analysis it is better to identify the impact of e-commerce on tourism sector, mentioning the opportunities which the tourist companies is going to capture by having the web site and the obstacles which impede the adoption of ecommerce in the developing countries and tourism in particular. Tourism is one of the most sectors affected by ecommerce. It affected the structure of the global tourism industry (UNCTAD 2001). For those who capture is an opportunity, but it also has negative effects. THE BENEFITS OF E-COMMERCE FOR SMTEs Companies of all sizes are busy establishing a presence on the web, why this happen? because thats where their customers are (Scarborough, 2008). Also ecommerce offers different opportunities and benefits. There is a clear evidence that E-Commerce have positive impact economically (UNDP, (2003), Pohjola (2000), Kraemer and Dedrick (2000) Dewan and Kramer (2000),}. If ecommerce is effectively utilised in the tourism organisation, and the country as a whole ecommerce can provide the following opportunities to the suppliers of tourist services as well as the tourists. Opportunity to increase revenues since the customers are on the web, by launching a web site a SME is increasing its market as well as sales. Improving Customer Services Electronic tourism is a useful tool for information between stakeholders. Suppliers can receive feedback from customers and make changes to comply with the customer needs. Interactions with customers help to create good relationship and retain the niche customers. The chance to attract new customers. The INCARD report 2001, identifies that demand is intending to increase from $5575 for 1999 to $1325 as total international tourism receipts and a global tourism demand of $8,972 billion as a prediction for 2010. (UNCTAD, 2001) this assures the opportunity of getting new users of the tourism products and services. bricks- and- mortar Global reach The ability of local tourism companies in DCs to expand their reach into the global markets. Internet increase accessibility and convenience it removes country boundaries. This paves the way for SMTEs from countries including those from Developing countries to transact with millions of potential customers in different parts of the world. Different researchers approved this There are opportunities for businesses in DCs to gain access to lager external markets from linkages with businesses operating in these markets (Singh, 1999; Wood, 2003). The ability to remain open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Internet is not bound to time as it is in brick -and- motor companies Reduction of costs. Studies indicates that e-commerce can help to reduce search cost, administration cost, distribution cost and labor costs. Laudon states that companies can use the internet technology to radically reduce their transaction costs (Laudon, 2002) Coase and Williamson identified that using markets is expensive (Coase, 1937; Williamson,1985) The cost of doing business in the web is low compared to other traditional means such as advertising on the news papers, TVs, posters and Bill boards. An Internet can reach many users at once, more efficiently and effectively. In addition it reduces the managing cost by having less number of employees because a tourist can contact directly via e-mail for booking and receive the E-ticket. Capability to improve efficiency of purchasing and inventory control. MNEs can easily control its inventory levels because the internet make it easier to track these levels electronically so that to shorten the sales cycle. Create new markets E tourism increases the ability to sport new business opportunities and to capitalise on them. Ecommerce enable tourism organisations to customise their products and services by producing what exactly the customer wants at the right time. Increase the tourist barging power. Electronic tourism helps the customers to access information on their tourist destinations. This helps them get information on prices and make booking at a relatively low cost. (Scarborough, 2009 pp 448-450; Chan, 2001: Schneider 2002, UNCTAD, 2001) IMPEDIMENTS TO THE ADOPTION OF ECOMMERCE FOR SMTEs IN DCs There are a number of barriers which impede SMTEs in adopting e-commerce in DCs. SMTEs face the following obstacles while engaging in e-commerce. Lack of awareness and understanding of the value of e-commerce. Most SMEs in tourism sector and other sectors in DCs have failed to realize the value of e-commerce to their businesses thinking that is suitable for large businesses. Lack of ICT knowledge and skills. Knowledge on the ICT is of necessity for Ecommerce to be diffused. This in an obstacle in DCs since most workers in SMEs lack ICT skills to develop and manage ecommerce (Chuang et al, 2009; Shiau et al, 2009) Financial costs. SMEs hesitate to deploy ecommerce for the fear of costs because the initial investment costs of computer and internet access is higher in DCs if compared to developed countries. Most SMTEs in DCs are suffering from insufficient financial resources (Chuang et al, 2009; Shiau et al, 2009) One of the major impediments to adoption of ecommerce for SMTEs, particularly those operating in the DCs in the prevalence of high entry barriers brought about, in part, by lack of effective reliance mechanics aimed at enhancing system trust (Patton and Josang, 2004) Infrastructure. This is a major barrier to e-commerce adoption in most of DCs since the communication infrastructure and network of many DCs is not conducive for ecommerce adoption and diffusion for SMEs. This also implies within SMEs their internal infrastructure is poor. (Esteves, 2009). Security. Customers may not opt to buy on line because of the fear of not being secured with the payment system they dont trust the website. This makes security and privacy issues to be critical in the acceptance and adoption of e-commerce in any business sector whether large or small especially in DCs where they have the culture of face to face interactions and credit card usage is still relatively low or there is no credit card facilities for example in Samoa( Purcell 2003) The difficulty in addressing issues of trust and confidence also makes SMTEs more vulnerable than large firms to problems linked to authentication/certification, data security and confidentiality and the settling of commercial disputes (Buhalis, D. Schertler, W. 1999, OECD, 1999). CTRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS AND RISKS FOR SMEs Jeffcoate et all (2002) suggested the following 11 critical success factors to be considered for Electronic business strategy implementation for any SME. This should not be ignored by the tourism SMEs from developing countries in order to implement their etourism strategy more effectively. For the purpose of this report we will not go deeply. Content Convenience Control Interaction Community Price sensitive Brand image Commitment Partnerships Process improvement Integration Chaffey, D. (2004) eBusiness and e-commerce 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall RIKS Though tourism has many benefits it has also negative impacts on social, culture and environment which need more attention so that to reduce its threats in developing countries and the world as whole development (WTO, 1996; Mathieson Wall, 1982, Wahab, 1997). by Chulwon Kim Professor, College of Hotel Tourism Management, Kyunghee University, Korea (smes in Korea) Appendix 1: the top ten tourism earners for the year 2009. The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2009. It is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues to be the top earner. Rank Country UNWTO Regional Market International Tourism Receipts (2009)[13] International Tourism Receipts (2008)[12] International Tourism Receipts (2007)[12] International Tourism Receipts (2006)[12] 1 Â  United States North America $93.9 billion $110.0 billion $97.1 billion $85.8 billion 2 Â  Spain Europe $53.2 billion $61.6 billion $57.6 billion $51.1 billion 3 Â  France Europe $49.4 billion $55.6 billion $54.3 billion $46.3 billion 4 Â  Italy Europe $40.2 billion $45.7 billion $42.7 billion $38.1 billion 5 Â  China