Water Supply And Pollution In Singapore

weewee Supply And Pollution In capital of Singapore wet is the most inwrought needs for living things, near countries like Mexico and Egypt are sufficient to attain clean peeing easily, however it is a life or conclusion issue in many countries in the world. One of the counties that enjoymentd to start out a pissing business is Singapore. Singapore is an island and urban city declare which had problems with urine in its early days. It is be hit Singapore does not have inherent lakes and there is only little land to collect rain weewee. However, in the subsist 4 decades Singapore has proven itself to be a country that success salutaryy deals with water. This essay leave behind discuss about the water related problems in Singapore, how the taproom (Public Utilities Board) as the Singapores national water agency all overcome those problems, and some leadership factors that contribute to the success of tapho character in solving the problems.Problems and solutions we ewee pollution has never been a new phenomenon and it has always been part of the bionomical system. It earth-closet be ca utilise by erosion, siltation of the streams, flood, dead animal, also the increase of mankind activities, etc. This phenomenon happened in many parts of the world, it happens especially in the underdeveloped country and industrial countries. Singapore had also dealt with this problem, water pollution in Singapore was ca social occasiond by quartette study factors. First, commercial and industrial location, posterior in sixties majority of manufacture was turn up on in the south and south west part of the country. These manufactures did not dump their industrial squander into the place that were provided therefore, after a few years Government stool a new policies and regulation then asked the manufactures to comply with the requirement. (Hung, C. 1976)Second, hawker and market, a survey in 1969 proved that there were 18000 hawkers island wide. Most o f them were use water for their business and contributing a substantial pollution to the rivers. It was estimated that about four cardinal gallons of water waste were discharge to the streams each day. Hence, to overcome this problem those hawkers were resided to the hawker centers where the waste could be drained in the septic tank. (Hung, C. 1976)Next, put forward waste, it was also big issues ascribable to water pollution in 1960s since there were large number of farmers rearing pigs and poultry. Primary Production incision estimated that there were 600,000 pigs in Singapore these pigs fired 3 million gallons of excrement per day. umpteen farmers at that period discharged their farm waste to the river thus, it caused the river to be polluted. In order to control this problem, the small scale of farm would have to be encouraged and farmers were pushed to reuse the water in the farm since water in much(prenominal) farm is for the cleansing of the pig excrements. (Hung, C. 1 976)Last but not least, the kitchen waste had also been a problem to the hostelry in seventies because the water waste was discharge to the open drain also the dribble was dumped into the rivers. Even though those are households waste, these wastes also contributing pollution to the river. To descend this problem, the government tightened up the regulation such as, disallow the resident for washing their clothes on the concrete apron behind the house, discharges from wash authorise basins which usually go into the open drains are prohibited. (Hung, C. 1976)Furthermore, the water engineers in Singapore always monitor the level of the river pollution. They will detect and trace the cause if there is an increase in the level of pollution. In 1979, Singapore was subject to monitor 42% of the whole country. (Liu, O. 1979). piss deliver has also been a big issue for Singapore, since it is a small country that only has especial(a) water resource Singapore has to carefully plan and encourage the citizen to use the water wisely otherwise, this country could experience a water shortage. rump in 1990, Singapore was experienced an unusual period of dry defy which was caused the reservoir stocks to dropped to 68 percent from 95 percent (Public Utilities Board yearly Report 1990, 31 December 1990, pp 12). In order to prevent account to repeat itself, in recent days Singapore has four major water sources which are called National Taps. National Taps consist of water from Johor, water catchment from reservoir, desalinated water and recycled water called NEWater. Almost half of Singapores water take aim was fulfilled by the imported water (water from Johor) the water conformity surrounded by these two countries was begun in 1927. These countries made another agreement in 1961, 1962 and 1990, the 1961 agreement will expire on 2011 while the other two will expire on 2061.Singapore has some water catchment areas those are located in Ang Mo Kio, Bishan, and so on. Wat er catchment is about collecting water especially rain water and processing the water so that it can be consumed by the society, when this water from water catchment are being used the used water is collected then treated again to produceNEWater. NEWater is the Singapores brand for their recycled water and it also another Singapores water resources. In the present, NEWater is more often than not used by industry due to its cheap price and cleanliness moreover, it able to cover 30 percents of the industrys water needs.Another water supply comes from desalinisation process whereby sea water is collected and treated so that the salt is extracted and the water becomes drinkable water. However, this type of water is not famous among the pile compared to the other three sources it is because this type of water is more expensive due to its technology to transform sea water become into drinking water.The challenges that PUB has to deal with are not only how to cope the demand of the soc iety but also how to reduce the demand. As there is an increase in the number of population in Singapore, the demand for water has also increased. In 1950s when the population of Singapore was about 1 million, the daily inspiration of water was only 142,000 daily per capita the consumption of water increase by more than 100 percent in 1960 when the population had increased to 1.6 million by 1970s when the population reached 2.4 million, the demand for water had gone up to 262 liters per person per day. However, this is not the only factors that make the demand for water increase. industrial development and better standard of living are the other factors which make the demand for water raise. In 1950 there were only about 580 industrial organizations with 10 or more workers. In 1970s, the number of industrial caller-out went up to more than 2,900 companies. This made the water consumption increased from 50,000 cubiform meters to 170,000. Water is still relatively cheap compared th e other commodities and with the increase in living standard, people tend to be more liberal with the use of water. (Liu, O. 1979). Today, the population has increased to about 4.6million while water demand has grownup 1.3 million cubic meters per capita.To anticipate this problem, PUB tries to seize the use of water with pricing, promote, promoting and encouraging ownership. Pricing of water is an efficient and effective mechanism in encouraging customers to use water wisely. The water is priced to recover the full cost of its production and to make people realize that the natural supply of this precious resource is decreasing. . The water tariffs and water conservation tax were restructured over a 4-year period, starting in 1997 and it is valid for domestic and non-domestic consumers (except for domestic consumers using more than 40 cubic meters per month. Before 1 July 1997, the first 20 cubic meters of domestic consumption for each household was charged at S$0.56 per cubic meters. The next 20-40 cubic meters were charged at S$0.80 per cubic meters. Non domestic consumption of more than 40 cubic meters per month was charged S$1.17 per cubic meters. From year 2000 onward, domestic consumption of up to 40 cubic meters per month and nondomestic uses were charged at a coherent rate of S$1.17 per cubic meters. For domestic consumption ofmore than 40 cubic meters per month, the tariff became S$1.40 per cubic meters, which is higher than non-domestic consumption. The earlier cheaper jam rate for the first 20 cubic meters of domestic consumption was eliminated. Furthermore, PUB also tries to lower the water usage by conducting a campaign for example, in 24 June 1995 PUB launched a campaign called Save Water Campaign at Bedok waterworks. This campaign was held to make the Singaporean realize that water conservation is vital to their future and also to encourage the community to use the water more prudently and effectively. During the campaign month, seminars on water conservation were given to students and workers, PUB had also invited the students, workers, and community groups to visit the water plants. Moreover, water rationing was also exercised during this campaign. The purpose of this training was to let the Singaporean experienced the difficulties and inconvenience of water shortage. Additionally, PUB also made many advertisements through mass media to make people aware about the campaign. Advertising materials such as, posters stickers, leaflets were distributed island wide. The campaign slogan and logo was also printed in the PUB circuit card envelopes on that month155 litres ofwaterdaily per SingaporeanHung, C. (1976). Water pollution and its control in Singapore. P.100-112