The Two Treatises of Government by John Locke - 2200 Words

The Two Treatises of Government by John Locke (Book Review Sample) Content: The Two Treatises of Government by John LockeStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitution AffiliationThe Two Treatises of Government by John LockeJohn Locke (1821) created two treatises of the government, and each treatise focused on a different subject. In the first treatise, John Locke criticizes Patriarcha of Robert Filmer for his argument in support of the divine right placed for the kings. Locke (1821) argues that Filmer is not correct since his theory states that every human being is born a slave to those who have been born naturally as kings. Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s refusal to accept the theory is based on his sole belief in reason and the fact that every person is able to govern himself virtuously in accordance with Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s law. The second treatise is concerned with Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s proposal of a solution to the political upheaval in all modern countries, specifically England. In the text, readers can find the foundation for the contemporary forms of democracy, as w ell as, for the constitution of the U.S. This essay focuses on the second treatise in determination of the constitution of the United States and other issues discussed in the nineteen chapters (Locke, 1821).In the first two chapters, Locke (1821) argues that laws are only applicable because people accept them, and hence they are good for the good of the public. He also claims that citizens are naturally in a state of nature. In an original setting, a man is bound by the laws of nature but has the ability to act, live, dispose of his property as it suits him best. More important, citizens have a duty to protect the interests of each other from the arbitrary laws of other people. They also have a duty to punish those who violate Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s will and those who try to harm each other through comprise of liberty, life or property. This is because they believe that they all are equally children of God. Locke (1821) asserts that Adam was not given the absolute authority to control the world and his Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s children. Therefore, his heirs did not have this authority and no one has the audacity to claim such rights because it is not possible to identify the heirs of Adam currently. Therefore, this is an indication that authority by kings is not divine as filmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s theory stated (Locke, 1821).John Locke (1821) argued that a perverted government would be best avoided if there was a constitutional separation of powers. At the moment, the powers known were only two, the executive and the legislature. This formed the basis of the modern separation of powers whose success is attributed to the developers of the classical theory. The three arms of the government to be separated in terms of powers, therefore, became the executive, legislature and the judiciary. He developed a concept that had been created earlier, but had not developed to such a stage. The concept of checks and balances originated from the development of the classical theory of division of p owers. The main aim of this was to guarantee that governmental power would not be abused, causing damages to the country, as well as, its citizens. It first developed from social classes before it was adopted in the government. Classical philosophers like Aristotle supported a government that combined elements of monarchy, democracy and aristocracy. However, some opposed it and English theorist James Harrington derived a theory that was similar to separation of powers and did not favor the mixed policy- government (Locke, 1821).The three branches are distinctively separated by the constitution and each branch has been vested its own powers that it is deemed to use and should not exceed the limits of the powers. Since the power is constitutionally divided between the states and the central government, the federal system is important so that it monitors the use of the powers. The electorate also takes the mandate of checking the executive and the legislature in the direct elections of members of both houses of congress. Each branch of the government has its responsibility in the government and they do not collide at any point. They are such that each branch can make its own decision independently without the assistance of another branch. Therefore, in case a branch has selfish interests, the two branches will have an insight of that and as a result, they will stop the selfish interests. In the same case, no one is allowed to serve in two arms of the government simultaneously. This helps to maintain the independence of the branches of the government (Locke, 1821).In the third and fourth chapters of the book, Locke discusses about the state of war and slavery. He defines war as a state of destruction and enmity that is caused by pre-meditated attempts of a person upon anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life. In the definition, it is clear that the presumption that any aggression by a person against another contains a challenge to the freedom of that person (Locke, 1821). Going b y this reasoning, it is, therefore, justifiable to kill a thief since his attack on oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s person is an attack to his liberty. In the same chapter, Locke (1821) differentiates between the state of war and the state of nature. The state of nature is where people live together, are governed by reason, and do not have a common superior. The state of war occurs when people make designs of force on other people, yet they do not have a common authority. In this context, the party that has been attacked acquires the right to get involved in war as a way of defense. The war in society can be differentiated from the war in nature depending on their conclusions. While in the society, war ends when the actual force is ended since the warring parties can consult the common authorities as a means of arbitrations of previous wrongs. In nature, war does not come to an end till the aggressive party offers reparations for the damages, as well as, peace. Before that point, the attacked party holds the right to destroy the aggressive party. A note that one of the common reasons why people enter into a society is to evade the state of war ends the third chapter. This is because the presence of a supreme power inhibits the need for war, and also, increases security and stability. Regarding slavery, Locke (1821) bases his idea on the fact that freedom from arbitrary is basic and cannot be relinquished. Slavery is acquired when the extension of the state of war has caused the conqueror to force the captive into obedience. At this point, the master has full control of the liberty of their slaves, where they have to oblige to every command of the master (Locke, 1821).Chapter five of the book discusses about property with regards to definition and function. Through the word of the Bible or natural reason, the earth can be considered as a universal property where the people of the world should use it collectively for their survival and benefit. However, Locke (1821) also believ es in personal property. For an individual to gain property, he must devise a way in which he will take possession of the things around him. The most suitable theory of ownership of property is based on the fact that every person owns his or her body and uses the body to give all sources of labor. Therefore, when a person uses the labor on a property, the amount of the labor input will give the same amount of property. Locke (1821) identifies the role of money as a constant measure in a trading system, which is still based in the property of labor.The sixth and seventh chapters discuss about paternal power and civil and political society. Locke (1821) equates monarchial power with paternal power. However, he notes a very huge difference between political power and paternal power. People are only freed of paternal power when they seem old enough to manage themselves as individuals. However, political power is established on fully different foundations. In his description of the first society, Locke (1821) describes the conjugal society between men and women. He then differentiates this society from a political society with the assertion that in it, the master and mistress have power over everyone else in the household, despite the fact that the power is neither political nor absolute where they lack power over giving life or causing death. He describes a civil society as a body of united individuals who are under the power of an executive. Its main role is to protect them and their property where legislation is designed to govern their behavior as discussed above (Locke, 1821).In the following chapters, Locke (1821) argues that the majority is the main governing factor in the civil society. Once a person joins a civil society, he submits him or herself to the rules and decisions of the majority. To prove this, he (1821) addresses the lack of historical superiority for the government by majority rule. He notes that most of the societies forget their origins and states that a politic society begins when individuals consent to make a society. He has stated many examples in support of his idea and then concludes with his paternal theory placing significant credibility in its historical accuracy where people come together and submit themselves to the control of maleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s figure. Locke (1821) also considers why people are ready to give up their natural freedom to join the society. This is because they want to be guaranteed of protected lives, estates and liberties, which Locke defines as property.Locke (1821) explains that people choose their most favorable form of commonwealth. Among the options include democracy, oligarchy, or monarchy. In a democratic government, people retain legislative powers for themselves. In oligarchy,...

The World Is Full Of The Benefits Of Technology - 862 Words

The world is full of the benefits of technology. Technology in the world is very important, because everything such as all personal data, banking, records, and drivers’ licenses are in the computers. If they stop, we can t do anything. This is not good for us. We need to be happy with the advance of technology, because it becomes something necessary for our life, like the water. Everything is going to change more in the next ten years than it has in the last hundred, so it’s difficult to think about 100 years in the future. To think about an indefinite future is very interesting. No one knows the world of 100 years in the future. The best two companies in the world in invention computers, Apple and Microsoft, these two computers are good, but always in a constant struggle to impress customers. The first question in the buyer s mind, is it in good condition? Does it slow down after advanced use? Is it one faster than the other one, and is it dependable to use at any circ umstances. Apple and Microsoft have a different method in developing technology; therefore, people always argue about who is the best. In history Microsoft started one year before Apple. According to BBC news the history of Microsoft began on April 4, 1975, when it was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque . â€Å"BBC News. June 15, 2006. Microsoft uses the operating system to Windows PCs, Microsoft office suite of productivity software. Also, in entertainment Microsoft uses Xbox to play games,Show MoreRelatedTechnology Bibliography603 Words   |  3 PagesBibliography Buley, T. (2009). Electricity in the Air. Wireless power technologies are moving closer to becoming viable options. In my section I have to do a research on the most recent developments and this article has some information about the latest product that uses wireless electricity. Plus the author summarizes each of the new discoveries. Evans, P. (2009) Electronics. Wireless electricity products sparks a new industry. This web page will also help me with my researchRead MoreTechnology Dependence Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Is society too dependent on technology?† Tom thought to himself as he drove to Colorado. He was on a family trip to visit his parents. It was a long trip and he had never been there before so he decided to use his navigation system to get there. He typed in his destination and headed to Colorado. On the way, his four-year-old son threw a juice cup, which spilled all over the navigation system. He did not think he would need a map, and now his family and he are stranded on the highway in the middleRead MoreThe Battle Of The Auto Workers Union1599 Words   |  7 PagesOur issue can best be described by a story. The rivals in the tale were two titans in the world of automobile manufacturing who took a tour of a newly built and highly-automated factory. The forceful executive, Henry Ford II, and the leader of the automobile workers union, Walter Reuther, both saw many examples of advanced machinery operating at the plant. The words they exchanged brilliantly encapsulated the paradox of automation (Quote Investigator). â€Å"Walter, how are you going to get those robotsRead MoreBird : Week 6 Assignment873 Words   |  4 Pagesspecies has had to learn to adapt to their world. Through this development process, we have learned how to expand our primitive developments over time to achieve maximum results. We constantly are evolving and adapting to the world around us. These changes can be brought on by climate changes, technology advancements, as well as resource changes. If we look at the Industrial revolution, we can see this process in full swing. A boom of new technologies started happening. The push for this was toRead MoreAre Video Games Effective?1043 Words   |  5 PagesAre Video Games Effective in Class? A billion and a half people around the world play video games (Jordan Shapiro), and the industry is growing fast. Video games are usually used as a break from what a person is doing and to just relax and having fun. Although, many researchers have said that video games are effective in school and is a new way of learning which the students benefit from. Jordan Shapiro did research and found out that in 2013, 74% of schools (K-8), where already using digital gamesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Technology In The 21st Century881 Words   |  4 Pagescentury technology is all around. Walking down the street, people from the age of 9 to 90 is on some type of technology. It has gotten to the point that everything purchasable today has technology built into it. That was not the case in the 19th century. Back then technology was scarce. Everyday scientist create new and improved ways to benefit lives with the use of technology. The evolution of technology is remarkable when looked at from a far. Society now a day is all about technology. SomeoneRead MoreAnalyzing Mankins Theory of Utilization of Resources1283 Words   |  5 Pagesvaluable thing to Mankins and the planet is to ensure full utilization of resources within the vicinity of humanity. This involves use of technology to utilize the scarce resources in order to meet the needs of the society members. According to Mankins, the planet is a better place whenever cheap and cost effective technology is in the application to meet the needs of the individuals within the society. Based on the recent and ancient technology of the inventory entity with Mankins as the foundingRead MoreGlobalization Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalization Globalization is an inescapable factor in the global economy today. Its effects can be felt throughout the world in industrialized and developing nations alike. The â€Å"process of globalization is so pervasive that it affects all businesses,† (Lawrence Weber, 2014, p. 71). The benefits of globalization are apparent to organizations and nations such as reduction in poverty and benefits to consumers. But globalization must be properly balanced with a covential pledge to care for one another. RunRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education802 Words   |  4 Pages The use of technology expanding broadly in different aspects of our lives and technology plays a significant role in modern society. The technology used globally and it impacts our lives daily for instant: government, businesses, schools, workplace, environment, and household. The technological evolution led humanity from the dark ages to enlightenment and agriculture to industrial. According to Merriam-Webster Di ctionary, the definition of technology means â€Å"the practical application of knowledgeRead MoreWhy We Expect More From Technology1577 Words   |  7 Pagesaffected every faucet of human life, globally. Technology has advanced communications and economy. Ideas about interacting and talking robots are no longer dreams, but are part of reality. The world has become modernized and progress continues. And now the new generation is ready to enact another historical milestone, education. Davidson in her essay, â€Å"Project Classroom Makeover†, expresses the need and benefit that can come from merging technology and education together can bring. She realizes the

Implementing A Big Data Database Platform - 817 Words

Abstract The primary objective of the document is to detail the steps necessary to implement a Big Data database platform to achieve what is called an Enterprise Data Lake and to improve Enterprise Data Hub where all data stored in one place and integrated with existing infrastructure and tools. Relevance Presently, I am working as a Database developer in a Software company. My primary role is to help my clients in implementing appropriate database architecture and analyzing data so that my clients can understand their users better. Introduction The purpose of the research is to collect information and best practices available on the web relevant to implementing Big Data. A secondary purpose is to conduct research on different types of big data frame work. Problem Statement (EDH) is an Enterprise Data hub where all data stored in one place and integrated with existing infrastructure and tools. EDH makes information and data accessible to everyone via tools and application. To Establish Big Data framework as enterprise data hub (EDH) for storing all data, leverage EDH for following areas: Build scalable data platform for Security Analytics and Technical Support analytics. Efficient ways to store large amount of event or machine data; keep security data for longer periods of time to perform analysis on the data. Architectural advantages allow handling larger amounts of data very quickly, and scaling up with the number of events being generated. A variety of analytics canShow MoreRelatedUses Of Nosql Databases On Insurance Industry1417 Words   |  6 PagesUses of NoSQL Databases in Insurance industry in USA 11/29/2015 Introduction The No SQL is applied in the insurance industry to allow the handling of the dynamic client data and the combination of policy using all forms of the object and attributes relationship. The No SQL apply the application of the World Wide Web services layer to allow the No SQL server render the best view of the data. The No SQL exists in different platforms and types to support the diversity of the different insurance agenciesRead MoreImpact Of Big Data On Business Decisions1138 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Since the 1970’s databases and report generators have been used to aid business decisions. In the 1990’s technology in this area improved. Now technology such as Hadoop has gone another step with the ability to store and process the data within the same system which sparked new buzz about â€Å"big data†. Big Data is roughly the collection of large amounts of data – sourced internally or externally - applied as a tool – stored, managed, and analyzed - for an organization to set or meetRead MoreKey Features Of The Database Management System1035 Words   |  5 Pagesof the database management system MongoDB. Day-to-day information is growing in gigantic amount. Generated information include predominant information and it will have to be analyzed for gathering essential expertise. On the whole, relational databases are used so as to system the data. These, ways works successfully for small amount of knowledge. What if the data is very tremendous? To avoid this problems Mongo databases are introduced. MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database. ClassifiedRead MoreImplementing A Dbms System Within Any Organization Large Or Small Requires Proper Planning1318 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Implementing a DBMS system within any organization large or small requires proper planning, analyzing files and shared drives and a knowledgeable DBA (Database Administrator, in-depth knowledge of DBMS architecture. Using a DBMS to store and manage data comes with advantages, but also overhead. One of the biggest advantages of using a DBMS is that it lets end users and application programmers access and use the same data while managing data integrity. Data is better protected and maintainedRead MoreStoring Data On The Internet868 Words   |  4 Pages There is an innumerable amount of data that is being store in the internet every day. However, all this information that is being store must go somewhere to be retrieved. Databases are becoming an essential part of storing data on the internet. At first database were designed for offline purposes, but due to the constantly need to store and retrieve data to and from the interment. Internet databases have designed to make interacting with information online an easier task. There are multipleRead MoreTechnical Program Management Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesengagement and training skills.. Managed PlayStation Network’s data platform engineering software development and operations program including release schedule, change control, risk management and overall program health; maintaining documentation, artifacts and project best practices. Technology Tools Experience: Micro-services, Data Access Library, Oracle 11g, Oracle-Exadata - Datawarehouse, Golden Gate, SQL server, Qlikview, Big data, Hadoop, Hive, Informatica, DB visualizer, Composite , SQL, JavaRead MoreSoftware As A Service Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesapplication Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): Platforms of service offerings for big business conditions these are administrations that are not really particular foundation as weve as a rule considered as far as what an IT office may give us traditionally framework benefits or even framework itself would be things like figure apparatuses organize administrations programming stockpiling capacities so separate information store frameworks over which an application engineer would then send a database conveyRead MoreRecent Trends Of Social Crm For Banking Industry Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesRecent trends in Social CRM for banking industry CRM (Introduction) Customer relationship management (CRM), the word is creating a significant impact in recent years and also stands as the big player for the business success. Any vertical industries from marketing to technology, footstep of the CRM brilliantly walk out in all the areas, and its dependencies create tight conditions. In the past decades, we could have seen that best transformation how the customer care delivered. Especially, InternetRead MoreAn Emerging Class Of Non Relational Database Management System Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesclass of non-relational database, used to handle Big Data, it stands for Not Only SQL which solve the problem of processing unstructured data, considering that this non-relational database does not use a schema, and does not relay on the table/key model used in RDBMSs (Relational DataBase Management System). NOSQL have the following characteristic: †¢ Scalability: the competence to store data across multiple data stores simultaneously, moreover enlarge and decrease the size of data stores in response toRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of The Technology1253 Words   |  6 PagesH technique †¢ Who: †¢ Who might use this technology? †¢ Enterprise Enterprise will be likely to use this technology. In 2017 In-memory database might be used by 30 percent of enterprises (Dutta and Bilbao-Osorio 2012, vom Brocke et al. 2013, p. 152). †¢ Small and Medium Enterprise that cannot afford to buy expensive In-memory solution (Schaffer et al., 2011). †¢ Data driven business Number of Information produced has overtaken Moore’s law in early of the century (Philip Chen and Zhang, 2014). CPU performances

The Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut s Short Story - 1208 Words

Shirley Jackson s short story The Lottery and Kurt Vonnegut s short story Harrison Bergeron do share a similitude in subject, especially as far as scrutinizing the Status Quo, and the resilience of counterproductive social practices for compliance. There is likewise a comparability in that both stories show two extremely homogeneous social orders that mean to keep up their solidarity through basic practices that lead more to bring about apprehension than to lead towards change. Moreover, during the time spent keeping up these conventions, both social orders stay stagnant. These stories are comparable from multiple points of view however they additionally have numerous distinctions; The Lottery appears to happen in a more established New England town in 1948 when the general population were more savage than they are currently though Harrison Bergeron happens later on, in the year 2081 some place in center America. In both stories, the primary character, or what is by all accounts the fundamental character, gets rebuffed for addressing or resisting the lifestyle in the place where they grew up and both bite the dust while a family member(s) watch them. In Shirley Jackson s The Lottery, the general population live in a little town in New England and consistently, a lottery is facilitated with the whole town s kin assembled in one range which is just around 300 individuals. The night prior to the lottery, everybody s name is put on a rundown with the goal thatShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr.1203 Words   |  5 Pagesnarration story is a separation or indirect involvement of a narrator with the action of a story, and this type of narration can influence the content and the theme of a story. A third-person storyteller can sometimes be all-seeing, also known as omniscient, or they can be limited meaning to adhere firmly to the viewpoint of a specific character or characters. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. ’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† are two good examples of third-person point of view stories. TheseRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr. s Harrison Bergeron1604 Words   |  7 Pagescommon theme of placing societal influences over personal values and beliefs can be found in Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†, and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†. These short stories describe situations in which the citizens allow the superiors to have full control, without thinking twice about the laws and traditions that require their submission. Both of these short stories are similar in theme, because each tells about a community that chooses to participate in cruel and inhumane traditionsRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between ‚Äà ºthe Lottery‚Äà ¹ and ‚Äà ºHarrison Bergeron‚Äà ¹950 Words   |  4 PagesIn this semester, we’ve read â€Å"The Lotte ry† and â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† from the textbook. They are two short stories; â€Å"The Lottery† was written by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† was written by Kurt Vonnegut. This essay is to compare the similarities and differences between them. The first similarity is that both of these dystopian stories demonstrate how people force themselves in a tradition that they have been told to follow even if they have an option to seek for change, and to exploreRead MoreThemes Of `` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson And The Ones Who Walk Away From 1861-18651553 Words   |  7 Pagesthe dystopian short stories, novels, poems and films we have studied in class. The three stories I feel this theme is most present in are â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut and â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas† by Ursula Le Guin. In these stories society tries to make everything orderly and just. Their methods to promote equality are flawed. The goal in these stories is to perfect society but in each story they fall short. Reading these stories I am only remindedRead MoreDystopian Comparisons Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Book A Clockwork Orange, the short stories Harris on Burgeron, The Lottery and the movies Gattaca and the Truman Show by Anthony Burgess, Kurt Vonnegut, Shirly Jackson, Andrew Niccol and Peter Wier respectively. These pieces of literature(and cinematography) all have a society that controls and manipulates the individual or Protaganist. The society does this because it wants total control over both the individual and the society as a whole. A Clockwork Orange is futuristic look at EnglandRead MoreAll Pieces Of Literature : The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1672 Words   |  7 Pageshas gone over: The Lottery, The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas, Battle Royal, Equus, Harrison Bergeron, and Huckleberry Finn are all pieces of literature that include various types of sacrifice being made to benefit the greater good. In The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, every June, villagers gather in the town square for the lottery, ran by Mr. Summers. The children arrive first, collecting large amounts of stones, followed by the arrival of the parents. In this town, the lottery isn’t what the reader

Euthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia - 1662 Words

Legalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue over a person’s quality of life. We will answer questions such as, what is and what is the background of euthanasia? What are the views of other countries? And, will it be legalized in the future? Legalization of Euthanasia Efforts to change government policies on euthanasia in the 20th century have met limited success. As of 2015, euthanasia is only legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland, Germany, Albania, Colombia, Japan and in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico and Montana and will be in California on January 1, 2016. In the countries that legalize it, has had mostly positive effects over individual’s quality of life, but since Euthanasia is a very sensitive issue even a small chance of misuse may hinder its probability of ever being considered to become legalized. What is Euthanasia? Euthanasia is â€Å"The act of putting to death painlessly or allowing to die, as by withholding extreme medical measures, a

Cosmetics and Lush Company free essay sample

In the following part, the background of LUSH Company and its products will be given. Company background History LUSH is an internationally recognized cosmetics retail corporation producing and selling handmade beauty products. With its roots in the 1970s, LUSH Company has grown to over 700 shops in 43 countries by 2011 (lush. co. uk). In the early 1970s, Mark Constantine, the original founder together with Elizabeth Weir established wholesale soaps and cosmetics company Constantine Weir which began to be The Body Shop’s main supplier of soaps and cosmetic products (Evans, 2009). In 1988, the company launched a new enterprise—Cosmetics To Go headquartered in Poole, Dorset, UK. They sold their natural products through The Body Shop and the mail order business. However, due to some unfortunate events and a major recession at the end of the 1980s, this company went bankrupt. But the bankruptcy didn’t let Mark give up his career. In 1994, Mark restarted his business in Poole and renamed his company ‘LUSH’ (Evans, 2009). From then on, this company began to be popular throughout the world. By 2012, there are 22 LUSH shops in France. Company value LUSH produces fresh-made soaps, shower gels, shampoos, lotions for the hair, face and body with 100% vegetarian recipes. The concepts of â€Å"ecological† and â€Å"green† are shared by LUSH Company, which include a major concern for the environment, a wish to reduce packaging and wastes, a desire to build an environmentally sustainable business. The company prefers solid rather than liquid products as they can be cut and wrapped in grease-proof paper without any plastic bottles (Evans, 2009). As the â€Å"we believe† statements illustrate on its websites, â€Å"We believe†¦in making effective products from fresh, organic fruit and vegetables, in buying ingredients only from companies that do not commission tests on animals and in testing our products on humans,† etc. The company values focus on freshness, safety, no animal testing and sustainability of resources in general. 2. Situation analysis Macro Environmental Analysis Political environment Lush Company launched in France can face great chances. Firstly, the future for natural cosmetics companies is bright. The European Union has published the Cosmetics Products Regulation (1223/2009) which will go into effect on July 11, 2013 (Steinberg, 2010). This regulation will focus more on product safety to protect human health which is in consistence with LUSH Company’s value. Besides, it will create a legal standard on natural cosmetics to protect its industry. Secondly, France and United Kingdom maintained a fairly close relationship during these years. Nicolas Sarkozy, the French President said Britain and France have never been so close and he wanted a new â€Å"brotherhood† between the two countries (Porter, 2008). This friendly relationship guarantees a stable political environment for the development of LUSH Company in France. However, despite the great opportunities for LUSH Company, some threats cannot be ignored such as the company tax in France. The rate of company tax depends on the turnover and capital structure of the business. At present, the individual income tax rate increased to 40% and the corporate tax rate are progressive up to 33. 33%. The sales tax/VAT rate reached 19. 60% (Tax rates, 2010). Economic environment France is a very attractive cosmetics market due to its strong economy. The following parts illustrate the economic opportunities for LUSH Company. First of all, France has a High-income economy and is the second-largest trading nation in Western Europe. The World Economic Forum ranked France 18th out of 139 countries in terms of competitiveness and 4th in terms of infrastructure. Besides, GDP is known as the best index for measuring country’s economy. A country with a better state of economy will be beneficial for launching business. According to CIA (2012), The GDP (purchasing power parity) increased from $2. 48 trillion in 2009 to $2. 214 trillion in 2011. The real growth rate of GDP is 1. 7% in 2011 compared with 1. 4% in 2010 and -2. 6% in 2009. Meanwhile, the imports rose from $588. 4 billion in 2010 to $684. 6 billion in 2011. In accordance with French branch of the market research firm NPD, the cosmetics market in France grew by 3% in 2011 to reach 2. 9 billion euros (Premium Beauty News, 2012). Furthermore, the French government has taken a number of measures to support French small and medium sized enterprises during the current financial crisis. For example, in 2008, the French government announced a EUR 22billion plan and signed an agreement with the Federation of French Banks to support these companies (Brown, 2009). Therefore, French economic environment is advantageous for LUSH Company to entry the French cosmetic market. Nevertheless, according to International Money Fund (IMF, 2011), the current account balance of France has gradually worsened from a surplus to a moderate deficit—largely because of rising labor costs. Wages have grown faster than other European Countries while total factor productivity growth has increased relatively slow. Besides, France has been struggling with high unemployment rates for decades. In 2011, the unemployment rate hits a 12-year high and stands at 9. 8% (Financial times, 2011). Thus, LUSH Company should pay attention to the economic threats mentioned above to ensure a healthy cosmetic industry. Social-Cultural environment The social-cultural environment exerts a big influence on French cosmetics market. In this part, 2 important social opportunities will be discussed, namely changes of values and population. In terms of changes of values, the cosmetics market is going green nowadays. Today’s customers are enthusiastic about products made by the companies which take responsibility for social ethical issues and the environment. The natural cosmetics in French market grew significantly due to rising consumer awareness of chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries (Organic Monitor, 2006). Many media reports published the health risks associated with chemicals in conventional products. For instance, a TV documentary in 2005 highlighted the possible danger of synthetic substances such as parabens in skin care products (Organic Monitor, 2006). As a result, customers focus more on health and turn to natural products with plant extracts and natural ingredients and a minimal level of synthetic compounds. In terms of changes of population, France has an aging population, thus, customers are eager to maintain a healthy skin by using natural cosmetics. Furthermore, based on Hofstede’s cultural typology, the French people dislike taking risks. Every decision has to be analysed carefully before being taken, which also result in a high power distance. French people are individualists; they may buy products only for their use. And they work rather alone, which make an intense competition among many companies. France is a feminine society which share female characteristics, thus, French people may pay more attention on what they eat and what they put on their skin. Technological environment Technology has become the driving force of business innovation. Today’s customers are increasingly using the Internet and social media as an information platform for exchanging views. With the growth of e-commerce, LUSH products are available online, which also makes contributions to its total sales. In addition, in order to remain competitiveness in the market, the cosmetics companies have to advance the technology continuously. For example, Estee Lauder Company has applied innovative cell vector technology to produce anti-aging skin care products (Bowler). Nowadays, there are 3 major technologies applied in cosmetics industry, namely Biology engineering technology, Nano technology and the natural plant extraction technology. These 3 technologies are well developed in France with lower costs. The cosmetics company aims to produce more natural products with those high techonologies. Market analysis Customer analysis—Targeting Firstly, LUSH’s target is women from 18 years of age and above market, belonging to a middle class or upper class so that they can have more disposable income to purchase specialty products. LUSH’s second target is men between 20 and 55 years old belong to both classes. Additionally, Customers should have knowledge about environment, sustainability and animal rights issues to have a more detailed understanding about LUSH brand. Competitor analysis The main competitors in natural cosmetics market are Yves Rocher, L’Occitane and The Body Shop. Yves Rocher is a French brand focus on botanical beauty. L’Occitane which comes from France is an international retailer of body and face. The company’s values are: â€Å"Authenticity and naturalness†, â€Å"Effectiveness and pleasure† and â€Å"Respect and responsibility† (l’occitane. com, 2012). The Body Shop, regarded as the biggest competitor will be analysed carefully in this part. The Body Shop, founded in 1976, it was the first main retailer in UK to focus on natural ingredients that were ethically sourced and not tested on animals. In 2006, it was sold to the cosmetics giant L’Oreal (Guardian, 2011). This company sells naturally-inspired products for the body, face and hair etc. It rewards the customers a Love Your Body card which offers a package of benefits including 10% off all purchases for a year and up to ? 20 of free products (Guardian, 2011). LUSH is similar to The Body Shop in many ways. For instance, both offer similar products such as soaps, creams etc. Both persist on the same value of ethical sourcing with no testing on animals and environmentally-friendly production techniques. But in terms of size and scale, the Body Shop occupies the first place, while in terms of social media engagement, LUSH Company trumps The Body Shop (Esposito, 2010). According to a in-depth analysis of the Facebook page of these two companies, the Body Shop Facebook page adopts a more official tone of engagement, announcing special offers to promote its products. The LUSH facebook adopts a more personal and conversational approach. The separate group called Lush Times enables the customers to post pictures of them using the products, drawings and reviews, therefore building a deeper and close relationship with the customers (Esposito, 2010). 3. Marketing objectives LUSH Company aims to gain a modest growth in total retail sales with an ncrease of 5% till December 2012. Refresh and review a series of products to ensure at least 30% of the target shows likelihood to buy. Enhance awareness of LUSH core brand and its unique values. Build loyalty to brand products to ensure at least 15% of the target becomes repeated buyers. Expand more LUSH shops in France with approximately 3 shops every year. 4. Recommendation of marketing strategy Differentiation and positioning Product innovation There are many innovative products such as bath ballistics, solid body tints, dusting powders, massage bars, shower jellies and solid perfumes. LUSH takes â€Å"food† as the theme of its handmade bath products, some products are shaped like cakes but you are not supposed to eat them. The products are made of raw organic ingredients that have little or no preservatives. â€Å"Freshness† is a distinguished feature of LUSH. LUSH products are handmade in factories throughout the world, they are made in small batches according to the orders from each store to guarantee the freshness of the product. Thus, the products will not be older than four months and have a shelf life of only 14 months (Lush. co. uk, 2012). Lush company sticks to solid principle to develop solid products which don’t need preservatives or much packaging such as solid shampoos, solid conditioners, soaps, solid massage bars and solid bath oils, etc. It is better for the environment (Lush. co. uk, 2012). One of the characteristic that differentiate Lush from its competitors such as The Body Shop is handmade. Lush prefer people in big kitchens to make the products rather than by industrial machines. There is transparency in detailed labels to tell you when the products were made and who made it. As you walk along the street where there is a lush shop, you can smell the fragrances from far. When you pass by the window, you realize that this is the place diffusing the pleasant fragrance onto the street, and then you enter the shop naturally. This is the charm of Lush shop. Besides, Lush can cut the soaps to size depending on how much the customer wants. So the soaps are sold by weight. Based on the differentiation of Lush Company, the positioning of Lush will be the fresh handmade cosmetics focusing on natural characteristics of beauty with high ethical values and high customer relationship quality. 4Ps Strategies Pricing strategy Pricing is a significant strategic tool as it can position the products. Lush offers customers with good value. Approximately 65% of the products are selling under $10. The most popular soaps should sell between $4 to $6. In general, LUSH products usually priced less compare with other cosmetics companies like the Body Shop but more than the price of local supermarkets. Besides, Lush Company can offer good discount for people by giving a loyalty card with a 10% off. Place stategy Since Lush is doing business in 43 countries, they can adopt a multi-channel strategy with different outlets distributing which can lead to less delivery charges. They can run a mail order operation and sell its products online. With a wide range of products, they can use a mail order catalogue for cross-selling products for the existing customers. In addition, the Lush stores should locate in primes areas such as high end business and shopping area. Promotion strategy There are many promotion means for Lush. Firstly, Lush can use in-store advertising to advertise their products as well as celebrity endorsement. The influence of celebrities cannot be ignored. If the idols show interest in one particular product, their funs would follow the taste. Also lush can print advertisement on fashion magazines, doing advertisement on popular TV shows, talk show and online advertising with online media such as Facebook and Twitter etc. Secondly, word-of-mouth will be one way of seeping into the market. In this case, customers love our brand and they share the Lush experience with their friends or families. A good reputation is important for personal recommendations. Thirdly, lush can rely on public relations to build a good reputation for its brand by doing charity. For instance, Lush as created the Charity Pot body lotion aims to raise money and awareness about charities (Lush. com, 2012). Furthermore, with the development of e-commerce, it is effective for Lush to start their online sales through its official website. Product strategy In terms of environmentally friendly packaging, the transparency of detailed labels is needed. The products are â€Å"naked† or only use recycled plastic and paper bags. Besides, Lush can offer free gift for potential customers or offer loyalty cards to build close relationships with customers. Additionally, good customer service is important. The staffs in Lush should be patient enough to educate the customers about their products and the value of their company. For example, what is the expiry date of one product? Does the product involve natural and organic ingredient? Does the product include preservatives? Etc. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, there is no denying that there are some threats exist in the market, however, France has a strong economy and stable political environment to ensure a sustainable development of cosmetics market. Besides, the changing of values of public and the need for natural and organic cosmetics can stimulate the sales of natural products. Therefore, French market is really attractive for LUSH Company. Although the competitor the Body Shop occupy the first place in terms of scale and size, LUSH can differentiate itself by introducing innovative products and become quite popular as the fresh handmade cosmetics. Furthermore, in order to expand Lush’s market share, Lush continues to offer customers good values, advertising the products by celebrity endorsement, word-of-mouth advocacy, sticking to the environmentally friendly packaging, establishing close relationships with customers by offering loyalty cards and free gifts. Green and natural products are the mainstay of the LUSH Company as this brand focusing on using fresh organic fruits and vegetables, natural essential oils and safe synthetics to produce their products. Also, the policy of no animal testing for any of the product ingredients is highlighted by LUSH Company. Based on these long-standing commitments to the environment, LUSH embrace their cores values and gain the trust from their customers.

Impact of Collaborative Learning-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Influence of collaborative learning in terms of academic achievement for year 9 students at Willow Park Secondary. Answer: Introduction Education is considered as the passage of knowledge from the individuals with the knowhow to the individuals with an intention to be enlightened and this could be achieved through collaborative learning. Moreover, in collaborative learning, the students work together in small groups to perform a structured tasks and it remains as something more than just working in a group because group alone does not guarantee cooperative learning. However, there are many cases that only some members of the group perform all of the work and it cannot be ascertained that all members are actually learning. Likewise, there are several views and arguments put forward by the scholars in this particular context and hardly a research has found out the actual process of collaborative learning and its impact on 9-year students in terms of their academic achievement. The purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of collaborative learning on young students in terms of their academic achievement. In order to analyse the impact, the proposed study first includes a critical analysis including the ideas, opinions, findings provided in the existing research papers. Likewise, the study could find finds out the gaps in the previous studies. In order to gain desired outcome, the proposed study uses some particular research methods. The proposed study includes secondary analysis, as the research needs a broad analysis; thereby, with the help of a large set of journals and articles a thematic analysis has been conducted. Background Analysis According to Hallinger and Heck (2011) collaborative learning can be defined as the situation in which there is a positive freedom among students goal attainment; thereby, the students perceive that they could only reach their learning objectives if all members of the group accomplish the learning objectives also. In this context, collaborative learning remains as an instructional methodology, which could split the class members into small groups to learn the assigned materials and ensure all individuals of the team perform the task and gain knowledge. As put forward by Blasco-Arcas et al., (2013), collaborative learning activities could help the students to enhance problem solving and teamwork skills. Nonetheless, the teachers should be prepared to have some discussion and movement in the classroom for those activities. Research on collaborative learning remained scarce before 1990 but since this date, the amount as well as the quality of research on collaborative learning largely a ccelerated given its large appraisal as well as positive effect on education. Several studies have emphasized on the positive effects that collaborative learning does have no academic achievement. Certainly, collaborative learning has become a largely used instructional technique in educational contexts that it remains difficult to seek instructional materials that generally do not refer to this methodology. In addition, as of 2015, more than 1400 studies had been performed on collaborative learning and a significant amount of those studies stressed the impact of collaborative learning on the accomplishment in comparison to more conventional studies or competitive instructional techniques. Despite the fact that there have been vast amount of studies conducted on the positive impact of collaborative learning intervention, there have been researches conducted by Durlak et al., (2011), that have lessened the positive appraisal of collaborative intervention, providing argument that 9 years students often sit in small groups but they are already assigned to the real collaborative tasks. Furthermore, it has also been identified that individual studies on collaborative learning have delivered relevant and contradictory information to some extent regarding its effectiveness. Consequently, it is essential to understand an issue by investigating as well as comparing the data from different sources in the same domain. Statement of the problem The decision to reach on collaborative learning generally based on the reality that most of the school students until now embrace the conventional learning strategy. In this context, Capdeferro Romero (2012) commented that students performance improves when the collaborative learning strategies are implemented. It ensures that teacher-centred classroom does not appropriately equip the students with adequate amount of resource to widen their range of understanding. In addition to this, the collaborative learning has been there to enhance the students with the capability of gaining intensive understanding of the subjects. The benefits of collaborative learning also include an increased cooperation as well as more well-developed social skills, retention and motivational knowledge. The study on the influence of collaborative learning in terms of the academic achievement of the young students remains as the worthy topic to investigate. Background to the research indicates that a cooperat ive learning has started to demonstrate potential advantages in the education. The investigation on such learning practice could help to enhance learning as well as academic achievement of the pupils. In addition to this, the empirical evidences for support of collaborative learning strategy in the field of education at intermediate range are unknown. The proposed study could help to learn the impact of such learning practice even at the intermediate scale. Literature Review Introduction Literature review and meta-analysis conducted on the collaborative learning delivers relevant information regarding the effectiveness of several collaborative learning methods. A study conducted by Sung and Hwang (2013) the influence of collaborative learning on the academic achievement of the students with learning disabilities provided different outcome in terms of importance, while another study conducted by Stump et al., (2011), was on the influence of collaborative learning on the academic achievement compared to competitive as well as individualistic techniques. Likewise, there are other studies on the same contexts provided other opinions. In order to conduct a critical analysis, almost 15 journal articles have been selected and 5 journals have been rejected due to the lack of validity and reliability. Collaborative learning- As put forward by Zhu (2012), the collaborative learning is a method in which small groups, with each learners of diverse of capability, utilizes a range of educational activities to improve their comprehension of a particular topic. It has been identified that collaborative learning remains as one of the most remarkable as well as productive areas of thesis and practice in learning. It signifies students functioning together to achieve the objectives as well as instructional events that organize students collaborative effort. Kirschner, Paas and Kirschner (2011) mentioned that collaborative education remains as the learner-centred education as well as it has been executed broadly in English Teaching Language. In this context, Rocconi (2011) mentioned that collaborative learning in the recent time has been a common approach to the language teaching in the world. On the other side, Kaldi, Filippatou and Govaris (2011) mentioned that collaborative learning could be an action of more th an just asking students to sit and work together and this study identified some elements that mediate the effectiveness of collaborative learning. The elements are such as the positive interdependence that permits students to consider that they are related to each other in a such a manner that an individual could succeed until and unless every individual succeeds. Another significant element is individual accountability, which provides each individual of the team a sense of personal responsibility towards the achievement. Hence, Blatchford, Bassett and Brown (2011) insisted on the element primitive interaction which occurs when the pupils facilitate each others effort to learn through the exchanging resource. Traditional learning and collaborative learning The fundamental of collaborative learning is interdependence. Dudley (2013) performed a comparison on pupils academic performance in collaborative learning and conventional learning with the help of Taguchi Quality Indexes. The scholars divided the students into two classes and each class consists of 21 students. The study showed the results that the first group worked together on resolving the tasks allocated to them but the second group worked individually. Using a T-test, the author found that the young students who work collaborative learning group had observed higher marks in comparison with the students who worked alone. In this context, Strijbos (2011) mentioned that collaboration sustains communication and the individuals within the team support each other and praise one anothers effort to learn together and teach others who have difficulties in learning. Conversely, conventional centred learning supports the independent learning and both the systems carry negative and positi ve side. According to Topping et al., (2011), collaborative learning support teamwork, as it develops an environment in which the students do not wholly rely on the faculties to provide feedback and support and moreover, the learners gain the ability to address their own strength as well as weakness about their own learning practice. Zhu (2012) mentioned that the negative side of collaborative learning is that it needs more time as well as learners cooperation to succeed. This is because it is established on students involvement in material by their own. Impact of Collaborative learning on Students Positive Effect Durlak et al., (2011) mentioned that during a collaborative learning session, the young students have the platform to learn and work together. Hence, they not only work on academic but they also put effort in social skills. The students should adapt to the learning style, abilities and behaviours of others. These are the skills as well as the adjustment that could carry over throughout their life. Moreover, with the help of enhanced social skills, the students could enhance their relationship with others in the institution where they learn (Hallinger Heck, 2011). These teaching practices could influence students interest. With the ability to successfully implement, collaborative learning into the lesson programs could allow the child to be more engaged as well as involved in the learning process rather than being just passive learners. Here, the students cold learn about their strengths and weaknesses since they work through and complete a task in a small group. When such group insp ired the learning growth, the children could find or achieve more objectives related to their learning staying in the classroom only. In addition to this, as the children in class watch and learn from their peers, they could find new ways to deal with their problems. In this context, Sung, and Hwang (2013) commented that persistent growth in this practice could only improve the individual learning process. Negative Effect If institution wants to incorporate collaborative learning into the classroom, it could take some pre-made strategies and appropriate planning. It is not just possible to place the students into the group randomly. However, here the authorities need to allow their students to choose their own groups but the authorities need to make sure that students are not sitting on the sidelines and they are not chosen by their peers (Durlak et al., 2011). If the students are forced into a group where they are unwanted, they could lose interest in the lesson before the process starts. Zhu (2012) mentioned that if the groups are selected by the faculties, it is essential to monitor that groups are working effectively Research Questions Purpose Statement The major purpose of the study is to examine the influence of collaborative learning in terms of academic achievement of the young students. The proposed study on collaborative learning is the first kind of study will be performed on children of teaching institutes where conventional teaching is widely used. The previous studies have only been conducted on middle and high school and the adults studying in the university, but not children of 9 years studying in elementary or kindergarten and nursery schools. Only few studies have been conducted on pupils to learn the impact of collaborative learning in the academic achievement. Therefore, while focussing on this context, the proposed study also identifies the gap between the collaborative learning and traditional learning practice. Research Questions What is the impact of collaborative learning practice on pupils in terms of their academic achievement? What is the gap between the collaborative and traditional learning practice? How can collaborative learning be incorporated with the traditional learning practice? Methodology Introduction The research methods are broad term, while the techniques of data collection and data analysis present the base of research methods, it is essential to identify the series of additional aspects within the scope of the study. The proposed study will include a thematic analysis, which would be done by collecting data from a set of journals. In addition to this, the proposed study includes an interepretivism research philosophy, descriptive research design and secondary data collection methods. Each of these techniques has widely been discussed in the following with appropriate justification. Research Philosophy Research Philosophy is related to the clarification of assumption regarding the type and the source of knowledge. All studies are performed on the basis of the assumption regarding the world as well as the process of understanding the world. There are four different types of research philosophies such as positivism, interepretivism, realism and pragmatism (Miller et al., 2012). The positivism research philosophy relies on the quantifiable observation that eventually ends up involving the statistical analysis; it mainly considers the facts and the quantitative data, while intepretivism philosophy helps to form the judge the findings with the acquired knowledge and the external support. However, in the proposed study, an intepretivism research philosophy will be used. Justification of selecting interpretvism research philosophy The interepretivism research philosophy will be used in the proposed study because the data related to the collaborative learning, which will be collected from the secondary sources, can be interpreted with own knowledge and observation. The data findings can be analysed considering the biblical text as well as wisdom literature that have relevance to the research context. In addition to this, the interepretivism studies generally focus on meaning as well as could include several methods to reflect different elements of the issues. Research Design The research design is usually divided into two aspects such as exploratory and descriptive. According to Anderson and Shattuck (2012), exploratory design based on its name focuses on exploring some particular aspects of the research but usually, it does not deliver any conclusive response. The descriptive research designs are used to define different elements of the phenomenon and it mainly helps to describe the characteristics of sample population. However, in the proposed study, the descriptive research design will be selected. Justification f selecting the descriptive research design This research design helps to analyse the non-quantified issues such as in the proposed study, the impact of collaborative learning practice cannot be quantified with the existing theories and knowledge. In addition to this, this research method would help to identify the phenomenon related to collaborative learning practice in wholly natural surroundings. Data Collection methods There are two different types of data collection methods such as primary and secondary data collection methods. The primary data collection method is usually divided into two categories quantitative as well as qualitative and these methods are applied conducting survey and interview. However, in the proposed study, the secondary data collection method will be applied. As put forward by Maxwell (2012) the secondary data is a kind of data that has already been published in books, journals, magazines and other online portals. The secondary data will be collected from the reliable and validated source. Reliability and Validity The proposed study is associated with the high level of reliability and the other scholars in future will be able to generate the same outcome if they use same methods such as secondary data collection process under the condition of investigating the impact of collaborative learning on young students. The proposed study has the validity because proper time scale will be selected and appropriate research techniques will be applied to the research. Research Limitation The proposed study is limited to secondary analysis only, because the primary analysis will not be conducted in the research. Moreover, the study also lacks a comparative analysis in terms of the techniques of collaborative learning. Conclusion It can be mentioned that the proposed study would provide desired outcome because all relevant and appropriate methods will be applied to the study. The literature review indicates that differences in the collaborative learning process exists that those are only in terms of the techniques. The previous studies also imply that there are many institutions where collaborative learning methods remain as the secondary choice. However, actual scenario will be revealed once the data is gather and the findings are compared to the previous studies in the proposed study. References Anderson, T., Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research?.Educational researcher,41(1), 16-25. Blasco-Arcas, L., Buil, I., Hernndez-Ortega, B., Sese, F. J. (2013). Using clickers in class. The role of interactivity, active collaborative learning and engagement in learning performance.Computers Education,62, 102-110. Blatchford, P., Bassett, P., Brown, P. (2011). Examining the effect of class size on classroom engagement and teacherpupil interaction: Differences in relation to pupil prior attainment and primary vs. secondary schools.Learning and Instruction,21(6), 715-730. Capdeferro, N., Romero, M. (2012). Are online learners frustrated with collaborative learning experiences?.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,13(2), 26-44. Dudley, P. (2013). Teacher learning in Lesson Study: What interaction-level discourse analysis revealed about how teachers utilised imagination, tacit knowledge of teaching and fresh evidence of pupils learning, to develop practice knowledge and so enhance their pupils' learning.Teaching and teacher education,34, 107-121. Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students social and emotional learning: A meta?analysis of school?based universal interventions.Child development,82(1), 405-432. Glesne, C. (2015).Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson. Hallinger, P., Heck, R. H. (2011). Collaborative leadership and school improvement: Understanding the impact on school capacity and student learning. InInternational handbook of leadership for learning(pp. 469-485). Springer Netherlands. Kaldi, S., Filippatou, D., Govaris, C. (2011). Project-based learning in primary schools: effects on pupils' learning and attitudes.Education 313,39(1), 35-47. Kirschner, F., Paas, F., Kirschner, P. A. (2011). Task complexity as a driver for collaborative learning efficiency: The collective working?memory effect.Applied Cognitive Psychology,25(4), 615-624. Maxwell, J. A. (2012).Qualitative research design: An interactive approach(Vol. 41). Sage publications. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Rocconi, L. M. (2011). The impact of learning communities on first year students growth and development in college.Research in higher education,52(2), 178-193. Savin-Baden, M., Major, C. H. (2013).Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. Routledge. Snyder, C. (2012). A case study of a case study: Analysis of a robust qualitative research methodology.The Qualitative Report,17(13), 1. Strijbos, J. W. (2011). Assessment of (computer-supported) collaborative learning.IEEE transactions on learning technologies,4(1), 59-73. Stump, G. S., Hilpert, J. C., Husman, J., Chung, W. T., Kim, W. (2011). Collaborative learning in engineering students: Gender and achievement. Journal of Engineering Education, 100(3), 475-497. Sung, H. Y., Hwang, G. J. (2013). A collaborative game-based learning approach to improving students' learning performance in science courses.Computers Education,63, 43-51. Topping, K. J., Thurston, A., Tolmie, A., Christie, D., Murray, P., Karagiannidou, E. (2011). Cooperative learning in science: Intervention in the secondary school.Research in Science Technological Education,29(1), 91-106. Zhu, C. (2012). Student satisfaction, performance, and knowledge construction in online collaborative learning.Journal of Educational Technology Society,15(1), 127.