Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

Canterbury TalesChaucer wrote rough many personalities and their triumphs and inadequacies.The horse cavalry is portrayed as an standard persona. He is a part of the Feudal system. The impression that I puddle is one of am older weathered soldier. He is modest of his heathenish status. I think that after the wars and battles that he fought he might non want to talk about them and he may even be guilty of them. He wore older clothes. They were not as fancy as he could have languid. He portrays the chivalry element of the bunch. He is ghostlike and also courageousWho from the day on which he first began / To put one across abroad had followed chivalry,Truth, honour, generousness, and courtesy. (44-46)He traveled many places over great distances to shake at almost all of the important battles. Chaucer calls him a perfect cavalry He was a true, a perfect gentle-k darkness(68). He owned hunky-dory horses that were a symbol of wealth at that time, but he did not show this weal th outwardly in his clothing or adornments.The Knights son is somewhat his opposite. He dresses more fancily and shows off. He is a squire training to be a knight like his father. I dont think that he is very serious about this because he enjoys the pleasures of tone and not much of his training. Chaucers thoughts of his appearance wereHe was some twenty years of age, I guessed. In stature he was of moderate length,With wonderful agility and strength. (78-80) He stayed up mall night and partied so he did not get much sleep.The Oxford Cleric was an gay scholar. He had a skinny horse and he looks hollow. His clothes were worn thin because he spent all his currency on learning. He took money from his friends and spent it on more knowledge Whatever money from his friends he took / He spent on learning or another(prenominal) book (303-304) The only thing he cared about in his life was studying.     The Franklin wanted the best of everything and lived for happiness to every extent. He had the finest forage and vino and was obsessed with them. He was not religious. He was so obsessed with food that he had to have the finest there was and if he sis not he blamed the cook.      The wife of bath was deaf. She made long scarves and traveled. In church she did not like anyone to go in front of her in church.

Happy: Gender and Old Fashion Remedies Essay

The Wo hu existencekind stripe is full of old forge remedies that took placed a very long time ago. Its basic every last(predicate)y saying that woman be less(prenominal) than hands and that workforce ar in charge and wo workforce argonnt, wo custody should just follow and do what they say do because they are superiors and women are subscript, women are weak and are less value, and view them as property of men, and sexual objects. I totally disagree with this and to me this is totally insulting. in time though I know thats how things went back in the mean solar day and Im glad that things changed and everyone are consider equally. As a woman, I know that I can do almost everything that a man can do and just like they can arrive at for 12 hours or more, I do that every day with no problem.How hard is it to act outside the rules society has set for each sexuality? Well for men, for them to act outside of the rules society has set for them is like being a punk or they would be looked at differently and less of or they just are not consider cool anymore. Women on the other hand act outside of the rules society has set for them because we are no longer living in the past where we are inferior to anyone. We work and do as we please and over 90% of women instantly are leaders and we are stronger than ever. Do you think The Man corner or The Women Box is the same in all families? In all cultures? I dont think that The Man Box or The Women Box is the same in all families and cultures, however in slightly families and cultures it still exist. Like in Afghanistan, I know their women still brave up to these rules and more cultures do also. In the United States there are many families that still live up to these rules and they think its okay to be looked down at.Tony Porter says that the contents of The Man Box lead men to believe that fury against women is OK. Do you agree or disagree with this assumption? I definitely agree with Tony saying that the con tents of The Man Box lead men to believe that violence against women is ok because it give men to many excuses to treat women unequal and set like they are inferior and it also tell men that it is ok to be violent, controlling and fundamentally flat out abusive. Tony Porter says My liberation as a man is tied to your liberation as a woman. What do you think he means by this? Tony meant that all human is equal and should be treated as one. That it is ok to teach and raise out son that violence against women is unacceptable and that as a boy, young man and adult man that it is ok to cry have feelings. What else did you find provocative in this address?I found that when his father waited until the women left the car to cry and bundle his emotions with his son provocative. Its strange because I know a lot of men who will not cry or show emotions in count of women because they dont want to be looked at different. Some men think that it is not okay for men to cry. I was really clever that he got it out no matter who he was in straw man of because holding anything in can also tear you to pieces.

An Analysis of Walt Disney’s Cinderella

shake places (2007) 56717727 DOI 10. 1007/s11199-007-9236-y ORIGINAL term The Production of Meaning with Peer Inter pull through Children and Walt Disneys Cinderella Lori Baker-Sperry publish online 5 June 2007 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007 Abstr make a motion For numerous long m enquiryers control understood that grammatical sex activity roles in tykerens literature wear the capacity to bring to pass and reinforce meats of femininity and masculinity (Currie, Gend. Soc. , 11 453477, 1997 Gledhill, musical genre and sexual activity The case of soap opera. In S. vestibule (Ed. ), Re bowation (pp. 339383). capital of the United Kingdom Sage, 1985 Tatar, Off with their heads faery narratives and the stopping point of childhood. Princeton, NJ Princeton Univer moldy Press, 1993 Zipes, Happily ever after. wise York R forthledge, 1997).The purpose of this news report was to investigate childrens rendition of a universal gendered puff twaddle at the leve l of coadjutor fundamental fundamental interaction. Walt Disneys Cinderella was apply in elementary school class period sorts to investigate the shipway that children meet messages regarding gender and the catch of accomplice husbandry on the production of flirt indoorsg. The findings exhibit that gender and gendered expectations were essential to the dish up of interpretation and the fashionion of eaning for the children. Gender unify the male childs and girls into 2 distinct stems, oddly around the girls deem, Cinderella.Gender was reinforced along conventionalistic lines in the friend convocation, overhaul as a baulk to the production of flip interpretations to traditional messages in the school pas trade nameual matter. Keywords Gender . Peer interaction . Children . Agency . Cinderella Introduction Childrens literature has long been cited as a vehicle for the transmission of gendered values and messages (Weitzman et L. Baker-Sperry (*) De fictitious partingment of Womens Studies, Western Illinois University, calciferol Currens Hall, Macomb, IL 61455, USA -mail email&160protected edu al. 1972 Agee 1993 Zipes 1997). The ability of childrens literature to confer substance and fall societal plaits of masculinity and femininity to its shewers has besides been attested (Currie 1997 Gledhill 1985 Zipes 1997).More recently, particular wariness has been paid to the influence of companion burnish in the construction of meaning derived from media sources, childrens literature included (Corsaro 1997 Currie 1997 Davies 1990 Milkie 1994 pike and Jennings 2005). The purpose of the personate study was to examine how childrens peer culture influences the interpretation of endered messages derived from childrens literature. Interpretive Reproduction and Childrens Peer friendlyization Children argon inventive and resourceful friendly participants in the preservation (reproduction), interpretation, and ecesis of their social re ality as they actively interpret the social ground by constructing the meaning of social messages (Corsaro 1997, 1992). Corsaro (1997) stated that children spryly appropriate, go for, and transform emblematical culture as they produce and participate in peer culture (p. 100).This view of the childs active interpretation of the social orb, termed informative reproduction, c erstwhileptualizes hildren as research participants and social individuals. Children appropriate messages and meanings from the world of bigs and filter them finished their own guessing and catchs. Childrens responses to social messages indicate their ability to understand and use up meaning of the social world. This does non occur hardly as the childs reaction to social messaging, however. The process of interpretation is nigh effectively negotiated at the level of interaction where judgement is conceptualized, organized, and reaffirmed through peer identity (Corsaro 1997 Currie 1997 Davies 1990 Miller et al. 990).Through interaction that occurs deep down e reallyday routines (Corsaro 1997), invoke Roles (2007) 56717727 718 children be able to learn the rules of the social mathematical multitude in which they be a part. Interaction in the peer sort out too solidifies gendered perspectives (Hibbard and Buhrmester 1998 Thorne 1997). Acting out gender, as head as some times push its boundaries, is lots manifested in the peer conclave. Children discursively position themselves as boys or girls in their frivol, thus reckoning the dichotomous record of the construction of gender through peer interaction (Davies 2003 Hibbard and Buhrmester 1998).Children alikely rely heavily on traditional prescriptive grammatical constructions to make signified of the world, and they a lottimes accept gendered expectations as truth. The process of internalization and negotiation of messages be f atomic number 18s unique in relation to gender when i considers the primacy of gendered norms and expectations. Do children rescue the social freedom to seek and perhaps deconstruct gendered messages within the peer free radical, or ar gendered roles and expectations simply too unbending to allow that? Gendered Messages and the Peer Group Prescription or Negotiation?Scholars go for place fairy news reports as vehicles of gendered messages and forms of prescriptive literature for children (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 2003 Bettelheim 1976 Tatar 1993 Zipes 1997), and some former(a)s have argued that such(prenominal) gendered messages are interpret and reinforced through peer interaction (Corsaro 1997 Milkie 1994). Corsaro (1997, p. 4) identify childrens literature, particularly fairy rumors, as important sources that are primarily mediated by adults in heathenish routines in the family and opposite settings. The intent of the read study was non to document which essages are gendered, tho how gendered messages are understood and internalized by children and, further, the ways that such relations are interpreted through peer interaction.The static, gendered messages and the highly mental synthesisd form of the fairy tale provide a vehicle for children to interpret gendered norms and expectations to a greater extent clear. The headspring-known tale Cinderella was elect for its clear, traditional depiction of gendered expectations, fantasy, and romantic fare as well as for its current side as a femi nightspot text editionual matterual matter limited to the world of girls in its recent production and advertisement (e. g. a tosh central to the Disney Princesses) (Shumway 2003 Zipes 1997). Cinderella is a tale that focuses on girls and women, with predominantly womanly characters. Boys are non handlely to embrace a fe anthropoid briny character (Hibbard and Buhrmester 1998 Pike and Jennings 2005). Girls, however, are often willing to embrace a male main character such the popular childrens character, get to Potte r, for ex angstrom unitle. Choosing Cinderella for the present study was an intentional way to clarify the reactions to a book intelligibly identified as targeting iodine sex and non the separate.The quality of a powder-puff text that lluminates this descent mingled with boys, girls, and gendered text was deliberate. Fairy tale scholar Jack Zipes (1997) has argued that, currently, childrens understanding and stunt man associations of the fairy tale Cinderella are so closely linked with the animated necessitate Cinderella (Disney 1950) that they are inseparable. Based on the expectation that the children whitethorn describe Disneys animated images even when non referenced, and that this might lead to the incorrect laying claim that the children were exploring alternate ways of telling the invoice when in fact they were reproducing the opular Disney image, a textual version of Walt Disneys Cinderella that contained m all(prenominal) of the well-known images from the an imated plastic film was selected for use in the present study. An analysis of Walt Disneys Cinderella, in home dress for info discoverion, produced several themes. These assertions are supported by Shumways (2003) assertions concerning traditional female text and in Grauerholz and Baker-Sperrys (2007) findings on pervasive themes within popular Grimms tales. These themes guided, simply did non limit, the addression and influenced the questions asked of students during the study groups.Romantic Love The text is a romantic tale in that bash and/or coupling are driving forces and the text deals with love that leads to marriage or love outside of marriage, except non love in marriage (Shumway 2003, p. 3). The degrees inevitable culmination in marriage, coupled with elements of love at rootage sight and the concurrent aspiration among women for the prince, is pivotal to the overall action of the grade Cinderella. The search for a suitable marriage partner for the prince i s the grounds for the ball. Gendered Role Expectations in Disneys Cinderella Although the stepm different and stepsisters do non engage in raditional domesticated work, Cinderella is required to do so. All women in the text are concerned with physiologic appearance of self or other and clearly understand this to have direct impact on the ability to acquire a suitable mate. Men in the tale fill traditionally masculine status roles king, prince, and ambassador. The men have obvious social index the women struggle to attain or maintain status on their own. regeneration Cinderella is transformed from a dutiful and submissive girl impris id in a domestic world to a slightly and enviable adolescentd woman thrust into the human beings and two proclivityd and seek by the prince.Transformation may be highly Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 attractive to childly girls, given the tendency to link femininity with sweetie, desirability, and marriage suitability. Boys may or may non be employ to experiencing the progression of a male character or the development of masculinity in such a way. Rescuer and Rescued Although the mans role is de- show in this tale, the Cinderella story is unrivalled of trial, rescue, and redemption (return to just place). The prince, who offers Cinderella an escape from her dire circumstances, is the true rescuer. This construct serves to support traditional notions virtually(predicate)(predicate) asculinity and femininity. Importance of Physical Beauty Cinderella is identified as good and industrious, and she is besides very beautiful. It is her beauty that first attracts the prince, as well as her mystery, and it is her beauty (symbolic in the form of a down(p) foot encased in glass) that confirms her place as chastiseful bride. Domestic slavery also hid her physical beauty.The Lack of a icy Male Role This is really a story or so girls and women, and the schoolgirlish prince does not bout a central action role. The king and his advisor, although both male and powerful by their status, re relatively asexual and are juvenilized in the portrayal of their antics. The protagonist is effeminate (Cinderella), and the key supporting characters are also female the wicked stepmother, unattractive stepsisters, and the fairy godmother. The decentralization of male character further instantiates this tale as a feminine love story (Shumway 2003). These themes situate the text, Cinderella, as a highly gendered and traditionally normative story through which an analysis of interpretations as negotiated in peer groups may occur.In the present study I explored the side by side(p) research questions about(predicate) the ways that gendered messages re understood, appropriated, or reinvented through interaction How does the peer group influence the production of meaning concerning gendered messages? Do boys and girls contribute to the production of meaning in the peer groups in similar ways? To what effect do boy s and girls forswear or accept the tale as about them? To what extent do the children accept the traditional gender representations without question? Do they produce interpretations that go traditional stereotypes and gendered expectations? Analysis of these questions, through the lens of symbolic interaction and the sociology of childhood, serves to lluminate the relationship between gendered text and the anyday world of the child. 719 Method Setting and Participants To collect the data for this project, I participated in informal, intensive, preliminary observation of 148 students in octette first-grade family unitrooms. In six of the eight classrooms, a total of 50 students participated in call foring groups. apiece edition group contained between nine and nine children, except for one group of 11 participants. Walt Disneys version of Cinderella (Disney 1986) was the issuing matter for for each one reading group. All students involved were either 6 or 7 eld old and wer e in the first grade.All data were collected in a public elementary school serving a midwestern rural area (population 21,659). The childrens socioeconomic backgrounds ranged from uppermiddle class ( produces often university employed with high educational attainment) to children with unemployed heads of households (the area experience two factory closings immediately prior to data collection). The participants were otherwise relatively homogenous. The majority of children had working parents and either single, two-parent, or blended families. Eighty-nine pct of the children in the study were European American, 8% were AfricanAmerican, and 3% were Asian American. These come are representative of the larger population for the area (U. S. Bureau of the list 2000). At all possible times, reading groups were conducted when Children of Color were present (e. g. , programming around sick days). The reading groups were formed by classroom, and consisted only of children who met the cr iteria first-grade status, a willingness to participate, and a consent form signed by a parent or guardian. As a member of the university community, I was granted addition in the classroom by the principal and past by each individual teacher.The local university houses a successful elementary education program, and the number of university associates at the school at any given time is quite an large. Student teachers, researchers, facilitators, and assessors are present throughout the habitue school year. The students and teachers were very friendly and quickly became accustomed to my presence. Procedure Preliminary Observation The use of interpretive ethnographic methods (Corsaro 1997 Eder and Corsaro 1999) has become more prominent since researchers began to explore the meaning of social processes from the perspective of those studied (Corsaro 997, p. 75). To become familiar with how children actively occupied in group work, as opposed to working Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 720 singly or as a larger class, I enmeshed in preliminary observation of eight first-grade classrooms over a 3 month period for approximately 4 h/week.Observation occurred during the childrens classroom reading time, scheduled time to work in groups, and/or time usually scheduled for extra activities, such as movies. This time dog-tired in the elementary school was an introduction to the nature of these everyday routines and to the research participants. I then ngaged in the primary data collection by conducting reading groups with the children. Reading Groups Data collection occurred in structured reading groups to explore the ways that children negotiate peer relationships in a small group around the highly traditional and gendered fairy tale, Cinderella. The reading groups were chosen as the primary method of data collection because they were naturally occurring and provided a flexible, yet constant routine in the childrens school day, one where intentional learning was conducted speckle children were back up to think and work in groups.The style and format of the reading groups closely resembled the usual in-class format. For this study, I invited the children to come sit on the floor and hear me read the tale Cinderella (Disney 1986) as was their usual way. All children chose to participate, although they were given the option to decline. I allowed the children to discuss the illustrations and make interjections throughout the tale, though they were accustomed to a pattern of take heeding while the story was read and of asking any questions afterward. Overall, the atmosphere of the reading group was very relaxed. Control over the attention of the group was fairly asy to maintain, collect in large part to the childrens familiarity with the reading group structure and with being read to by adults other than the teacher (e. g. , parents often did this). Each reading group was recorded using a video photographic camera on a tripod in a corner of the class room. As the classrooms were small, I was able to capture the reading group interaction, albeit from only one angle. The students did not to respond to the camera as I had anticipated. After the initial set-up occurred, they handle the camera. I later transcribed all tapes and typed my observation notes myself. I am identified in the transcripts as LBS.All students name calling were changed. Results To become familiar with the environment, I often asked the children questions, engaged in their come across, and physically joined them as they wise(p) (e. g. , I sometimes sat with the group on the floor). Initially, the students questioned my role in their classrooms and wondered why I did not actively participate in the regular work in a normative adult way as a student teacher or librarian might. Quickly, the children became accustomed to my presence, and I was soon the object of friendly and playful opposition. Students would often ask to sit by me during an activity r ask me t o come out and play tag with us while lining up for recess. In association with what Davies (2003) found, by not behaving in an authoritative way, I was quickly welcomed into the childrens activities.The children did not forget that I was an adult, as evidenced in the following excerpt from field notes, but often used my age to situational gain The children played knock from the chair today during free time. I was invited to play and agreed to sit on the chair while one team up of children tried to knock me off. Soon there were cries of no fair, she is too laborious to knock off immediately followed by a intervention about how to reconfigure the teams so that I was on theirs Before we determined membership, the game was halted by the teaching assistant for roughness (observation notes, October 1999). at that place were also times when my adult status was obvious and irrevocable. For example, one day a boy brutal backwards in his chair and hit his head on the floor.Immediatel y, I stepped outside of my role of observer and confidante and assumed adult status. There were times when the children became rather more formal in their interactions with me, such as when I became a reader, a role often filled by eacher, parent, or other adult. I also believe that the reading groups, although they occurred only once with each group of children, underscored my adult status. This meant that, at times, the children and I interacted more formally, whereas at other times I was easily invited into the game or activity. The interactions infra are representative of what occurred during the reading groups, and are infused with a familiarity between myself and the children, but are also contemplative of the structured routine of the reading group and therefore are more reserved in nature than other forms of interaction that occurred.Gendered Role Expectations The children were very familiar with the Disney version of the fairy tale, Cinderella. They knew the story well eno ugh to finish my sentences as I read. When I read On Cinderella s feet were tiny. , many immediately responded with glass slippers. Similarly, many of the students joined in at the end of the tale with happily every after In fact, the students knew the story so well (particularly demonstrated by the girls), and were at times Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 so caught up in the tale, that they jumped beforehand in their exc contingentent, finishing the story long before the end. numerous students also knew the names of Cinderellas animal friends, an element unique to the Disney version. In the reading groups, stereotypical views of traditional gender expectations were reproduced in the childrens accounts of the tale. When asked about Cinderellas physical appearance prior to the reading of the tale, the children responded with a characterization of Cinderella that is tenacious of Disneys well-known image. The childrens description of Cinderellas privateity was also static and highly t raditional, in keeping with the text. Cinderella was identified as beautiful, nice, deserving of riends, and as skilled in domestic tasks. These are highly emphasized elements within the tale and were consistently linked to one some other by the children in the reading groups. The students did not problematize this imagery. The students characterized the stepsisters as ugly, mean, and inept in feminine skills.Therefore, they identified them in ways that were, for the close part, consistent with the text. The stepmother was described in ways that reflect her characterization in the story, both in text and in pictures. For example, Cinderellas father, at the beginning of the tale, is shown as a issue man, possibly in his late 20s, ppropriate for the father of a young girl. Concurrently, the stepmother is illustrated as gray, older, and very matronly. The students indicated that they noticed some of the inconsistency. Linda Her hair is gray. Carol She is old. LBS Right, she is olde r. Ben She is 100 years old. Those are her grandchildren. LBS She is 100 years old? But those are her daughters. Laughter and exclamations of No from the students. The students, particularly the girls, were aware of the stepmother s lack of beauty. Her appearance, age, and the fact that she is mean were often discussed.She was not defended as a mother or as a person. No child made a positive statement about the stepmother or her demeanor. The prince was characterized positively by the girls, who saw him as a romantic character. The girls described the prince as handsome, although the text did not. There is no mention of good run intos in the tale Cinderella (BakerSperry and Grauerholz 2003). LBS What does the prince look comparable? Brooke Handsome Jill Charming. Gary Whats that mean? Marge That is his name. LBS What does charming mean? Marge Thats his name Jill He is beautiful, handsome. Brooke He is breathing iny. 721Although the text does not identify the Prince as handsom e, charming, or conceive ofy, these names were often linked to this character by the girls, particularly when asked (specifically and repeatedly) about his appearance. The students did not once, however, reply that they did not know what the prince looks like or that the book does not provide that information textually, nor did they make reference to the images offered in the books illustrations. Nor did they indicate that he was not attractive or balk at the question. The text does offer much insight as to the princes personality, and the students did not elaborate.In the preliminary excerpt, the prince was also identified as charming, a commonly used designation for many fairy tale princes, but Marge could not define charming except to say that is his name. Davies (2003), in her work with children and womens rightist fairy tales, found that the belief that the primary male or female character will be attractive supersedes textual portrayals. This is the case here, possibly bec ause attractiveness is more in keeping with the romantic nature of the tale. The children did not question the basic gendered assumptions embodied in many images and characterizations in the text, nor did they explore alternatives.For example, no child commented that the stepmother is not motherly toward Cinderella, that she does not look motherly, or that her personality does not fit with what one might associate with mothering, although her physical appearance is inconsistent with popular images of mothers, which was mentioned (see above). No child questioned Cinderellas desire to marry the prince. such(prenominal) consistency across responses indicates that this group of children accepts many of the normative gendered images within the text without overtly questioning them, yet questioned those that do not fit expectations (as the stepmother s ppearance). Corsaro (1997, p. 20) argued that confusions are addressed but not headstrong in routines, but these reading groups served as routines where basic gendered assumptions were negotiated and interpreted, but not inevitably problematized or resisted. The Girls in the Group Cinderella as a situation of Femininity Retelling the Tale A Form of Social Power The girls in the present study often found social power or bankers acceptance in the retelling of the tale. For the girls, there was more at stake in telling the story as it was read, than in changing the story to reflect less traditional roles and behaviors.This was documented in numerous ways for example, one girl was quickly admonished by another for suggesting that maybe Cinderella did not like her fancy ball dress. In keeping with West and Zimmermans (1987) speculation of gender work and performance, the girls wanted to 722 be perceived as feminine and, therefore, to prove their femininity through sharing components of the tale within the peer group. By retelling and defending the tale as it was read, they reinforced their positions as girls and as k nowledgeable of the feminine world. Assertion of femininity was most influential with other girls, but the oys did not problematize the girls interest (as they did with other boys). These examples lead to questions about the extent to which doing gender (West and Zimmerman 1987) influences the process of interpretation and the construction of meaning within the peer group. If active negotiation is about sometimes resisting dominant messages in party favor of working out meaning within the peer group, but doing gender is about affirming gendered stereotypes within the same group, the two ways of understanding and do sense of the world are at odds. Girls Filtering Fantasy through ExperienceFantasy and the dream world informed the ways the girls discussed the tale. They often combined the fantasy world with their everyday lived experience to create a space for their own storytelling and/or interaction with the text. Many of the children discussed the text in terms of how their lives d id or did not mate the fairy tale, but the girls repeatedly engaged in fantasizing about their futures as we read. mosttimes the girls would decide that the ideology of the fairy tale world and their personal expectations for the future conflicted. Bridget I am going to get matrimonial to a prince. He is oing to meet me at the ball. gets up and dances around in a small circle Karen I dont think they have balls anymore. Bridget I am going to have one when I turn 6 Kristi 6? You are 6, dummy. Right? Lana I wouldnt want to go to a ball if that is what oversteps. marriage Bridget I mean 16. Lana I dont want to get married until I am 23. Bridget Well, I can do what I want. posing down When the content of the fairy tale struck children as related to or reflective of their own lives, personal desires, or experiences, it was obvious that their interest in the tale was elevated.This process of identifying with the text seemed to blur reality with fantasy. It was when the text did not str ike the children as reflective of their lives that the processes of interpretation and group interaction were most clear. At these times, the children worked to create an image that was more reflective of their lived experience. The girls connected with the story, labeled it as about them, and identified more with the protagonist. There were also times, however, when they acknowledged identification with the less positively identified characters (e. g. , those Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 haracterized as bad or ugly, such as the stepsisters). When they discussed the stepsisters behavior toward Cinderella, the children spoke in terms of their own penalisation for similar misdeeds.Bridget They are very, very, very, very selfish. Karen They should get a swat. Kristi Swats her own bottom. I have had a swat. Bridget On the bottom Many of the girls discussed the tale in terms of what they had done or would like to do, who they are or would like to be. The girls sometimes seemed envious of Cinderella. For example, one girl asked, with a voice all-inclusive of anxiousness, ow Cinderella got to be so beautiful, and stated that she wanted to be as beautiful as Cinderella. Even at age 6, a girl knows that beauty is rewarded in our society. LBS What does Cinderella look like? Isabel Very, very, very beautiful. Shelly She probably looks very pretty with blond hair touches her chocolate-brown hair and blue eyes. touching near her own brown eyes Isabel I have blond hair touching her hair and blue eyes Shelly swats Isabel This pass illustrates how children identify with a story, discussing it in terms of how the characters are like them and how the situations parallel their experiences.Furthermore, the girls were interested in what might be in store for them as adults by assuming that what happens in the tale might happen in their lives as well. Currie (1997) argued that the adolescent girls in her study gave the messages in teen magazines ontological status, that they saw them as true and reflective of their own lives. Similarly, although the participants in the present study also identified the tale as a dream world, the girls viewed Cinderellas experience as one that might someday happen to them. In so doing, they embraced the ideological messages about emininity, yet, at the same time, negotiated, added to, and subtracted from the tale as they filtered the messages through their own experiences, hopes, and desires. For example, they were particularly interested in Cinderellas new married life. Kristi Does Cinderella have babies after she gets married? LBS The book does not say what do you think? Kristi She should have babies, and she will change diapers, right? LBS If they have babies, do you think the prince will change diapers? let out No The girls offered interpretations that existed within the traditional framework of the text.Corsaro (1997) asserted hat children engage in interpretive reproduction, and, in so doing, they borrow from adult cu lture and renegotiate the messages in a reflexive process of defining and (re) Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 producing what is real. But that they borrow from their own lived experience is clearly evident in many of their discussions and reactions to the text. The girls belief that Cinderella (and they themselves) could marry and experience this traditional love story, at the same time as they realize that parts of the tale simply are not possible (such as the fairy godmother who turns a autumn pumpkin into a passenger car), or re not realistic for them (marriage at a very young age), speaks to this process. They are taking the reality of their own experiences and portmanteau word it, through their discussion, with their understanding of what they are and what they might hope to experience in the future. Delight and Damage Girls Peer Culture and Expectations of the Feminine During the reading groups, most girls were excited, often interjecting comments, such as I have Cinderella Bar bie, and running ahead in the story. One girl asked to have the story read again. Many girls in the reading groups engaged in spontaneous role play.Role play does not usually happen after a story is read in the everyday classroom. As I did not discourage glowing comments or the beginnings of role play when they first occurred in each group, they may well have simply taken my cue. One example of particularly exuberant role play occurred after a short postulate over Cinderellas age. Meg She was not much older than me in the book. I think she was my age. Carla She was old enough to get married. Meg She grew up in the book. Like this. stands up and twirls around When she got her dress. Do you like my dress? I am going to the ball.Carla No, this is how Cinderella danced. stands and begins dancing Rachel I will be Cinderella when she tries on the shoe. LBS How many Cinderellas are there, anyway? laughing Tess We are all Cinderella others get up to dance As in this example, the girls oft en worked to allow everyone to be involved. This is not to say that competition for the status-filled position of Cinderella did not occur. It did. But, most often, the girls worked together to make meaning of the tale. Role play did not happen routinely with the boys, and they usually stayed seated when the girls were performing out the tale.In the only example of role play in which the boys were actively involved, the prince and his friend left the group to chase dragons before the ball began, about midway through the tale. There were examples of less affiliative interaction between the girls. In one role play example, a particular girl was singled out as not Cinderella because of her physical appearance. It was difficult to witness the 723 interaction when a girl give tongue to you cant be Cinderella, but you could be the ugly stepsister. The competition inherent in the story was painful when witnessed in children in the real world.As I stood to signal the end of the reading gr oup, another little girl said to the first Dont listen to her she just doesnt have a nice heart. The gender work in the childrens groups was, in many ways, reflective of the expectations and pressures of the larger adult world. The Boys in the Group Peer Culture of Resistance It should come as no surprise that the boys generally defined Cinderella as a girls book, and, although often they actively listened or commented, they made it clear from the beginning that this is not the book they would have chosen. This was an expected response based upon the hosen text. Even though there were many loud guffaws at the introduction of the text, it was fairly clear that the boys were as familiar with the tale as the girls were. The boys did answer questions and offer comments, but as often as not it was to steer the discussion off track.This play was noticeably common among the boys, and they engaged in some friendly competition as to who might be the most successful, complementing each other on a job well done. The boys also rivaled one another for the attention of the group and for my attention. As we had spent time in other orms of classroom interaction, our relationships were often friendly and familiar. But, when it came to approval from the group or my approval, the boys usually sought approval from the group. This was often manifested in raucous storytelling. Their stories or comments interested the group because of their (sometimes sexually suggestive) shock value. LBS On Cinderellas feet were..? microphone Shoes. Larry Glass shoes. chorus Glass slippers Larry It looks like a glass dress I respect it were a glass dress Larry Ha It would be funny if it was Mike And then we could see LBS All right.Her slippers are the only clothing item made of glass. One should note here that the student might not have received my approval, but the comment did receive my attention. Teachers often told me that sometimes students would seek notice regardless of the consequences. Although I actively fostered a relationship where the children were less likely to view me as an authority figure, I was, regardless, an adult. Some of the alternate responses may simply be attributed to the boys involuntariness to embrace the more romantic images in the tale (and their keen 724 sensation of the repercussions if they did).At one point, a boy broke out in outcry Matt singing Happily Ever After and kiss my hand LBS I have a couple of quick questions for you, do you mind respondent? No comment LBS What is the Prince like? Matt Stupid. Ben Dumb. Brian A dummy. Jeremy He got in a coach crash. LBS wherefore? Matt Because he does not even love her. LBS Why? Matt in a gruff voice Because she is rotten to the core LBS What is Cinderella like? Chorus Dumb. LBS Nice or mean? Ben She is a cleaning lady. Matt She loves me. LBS I did not know she had ever met you. Boys laugh The satirical nature of these responses is evident.Not only did the boys argufy the structure of the reading group and my authority as a researcher, but they also pushed the boundaries in terms of what is considered by adults in the school arrangement to be an acceptable reference to sex and sexuality. In stopping the dialogue, my status as an adult was emphasized, which hindered my inclusion to their world. The boys did not elaborate on the tale in ways that identified with the prince, the king, or with Cinderella. Furthermore, the boys did not experience any social rewards from other boys for knowing the story. In fact, ost of the boys adamantly argued that they did not anguish for the story at all and reacted negatively toward any boy who showed any sign of interest in the tale. The only boy who took an interest in the prince used a different characterization than what was offered in the tale, although his description clearly resonates with masculine culture and expectations of male sexuality. saphead I think the prince has a lot of dances. Joe What? Dances? Mark He dances and dances and dances because he likes to kiss lots of girls Joe Oh, yeah, well he does not dance if he doesnt have to. shrugs Mark He does have to so he does.Joe Yeah, I would dance if I had to. Mark What? This conversation illustrates the tension between the social expectations that the boys sensed from one another and the larger adult world, as well as the conflicted nature Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 of the traditional stories of heterosexual love and masculinity. Examples such as this, when juxtaposed with the preceding examples of some of the girls responses, demonstrate the reproduction of larger social norms concerning sexuality and desire, as well as acceptable roles and displays for men and women. The boys were not always willing to offer a response, resumably for fear of disapproval from the other boys in the group. In one group, for example, I could not elicit a verbal response from any of the boys unless I asked them a direct question, and then I would receive a very shor t reply. One shrugged his shoulders at a general question aimed at the group the others shifted sidelong glances at each other. They did not seem to feel the need to feign rapture for the book.A girl in the group stated that the boys did not like it because it is a girls book, even though there are men in it. In that particular case, one girl in the group attempted to xplain the boys attitudes toward the tale. The anxiety that the boys silence produced in the girls was acute, as was evidenced by multiple responses, both apologetic comments stated to me and admonitions to the boys. The girls wanted to discuss the tale, and they desired my approval, in part so that I would keep reading. They were embarrassed by the boys lack of enthusiasm, and indicated that they were crazy that it might hurt my feelings or cause me to end the reading group. The boys seemed to sense the power of their own silence, even to revel in it, but the girls did not enjoy the silence at all.In each of the g roups, most of the boys began to disengage within the first 10 min. Inevitably, one or two boys began quietly to discuss something other than the story, and the other boys quickly tuned in to what it was that they were doing or saying. In fact, if a boy in the group did not become engaged in these other interests, he was often solicited by a boy sitting next to him, or the other boys would look at each other and signal about him. For example, one boy who seemed to be shunned by the group as a whole engaged neither in conversation about the text nor in the boys alternate conversations.Most boys ignored him, although one said Mark likes Cinderella in a derogatory way, to identify Mark as not one of us. Another boy, clearly interested in the tale, quickly realized that the other boys disapproved after he made an initial comment, and he spent the rest of the reading group attempting to regain his position as one of us by stating that Cinderella stinks. These findings illustrate how ge ndered behavior is expected of and by boys and girls. Whether Mark had earlier shown an interest in girls stuff or was anomic from the boys as an unpopular student, his gender was suspect and became a means of torment.The irregular boy is an example of the work commonly done to regulate Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 masculine behavior. Most students were very in-tune with the groups expectations for gendered behavior and quickly accommodated. Davies (2003) argued that teasing and alienation serve to maintain the categorical boundaries between the constructions of femininity and masculinity. This regular, everyday maintenance work was evidenced here in the boys treatment of the group member who deviated from the expected response. Only one boy who spoke positively about the tale was not chastised by the other boys.This instance was also one of the rare do when a child offered an alternate image from a media source more reflective of lived experience or identity. Recently there have be en a number of attempts to create films of fairy tales that include challenges to traditional messages, such as Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella (1997), star Brandy, a young African American woman, as Cinderella. Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella was also produced by Disney Studios. LBS How many of you liked that story? Derrick I have the movie, but Cinderella is Black. LBS Do you have the movie with Brandy in it?Derrick Yes. This student, an African American, referenced the images from this alternate source. No one in his group, however, seemed to be familiar with this version, and only two other children in other reading groups mentioned the alternate Disney version of the tale. raillery As has been antecedently argued, and is evidenced by the data in the present study, there are very few children who have not been subject to Walt Disneys Cinderella. The assertion that the media serve as vehicles of womens subordination is a common element among theories of gender and gende r socialization. The fact that children onsume stories like Cinderella on an everyday basis, and that stories often reify highly gendered constructions of behavior and roles, encourages us to look closely at the messages within the media to which children are exposed (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 2003). It is important to explore the extent to which children take these well-known messages and filter them through their lived experiences, altering them and sometimes producing new readings of gender, but it is also necessary to note that, if the text is about them, then the children are more likely to contribute ontological status, or truth status, to the text.This is further unified by conflict between groups, as in this case between the boys and girls responses to the text. The boys did not find themselves reflected in the text therefore they did not elevate the text to truth status. There are other stories that resonate more soundly with the construct of masculinity. 725 The very act of defining the text as a girls book authenticates the assumptions of gender residuum for the boys and girls. The childrens behavior within the reading groups was highly influenced by group interaction. This is in keeping with Corsaros (1992) assertion that most socialization ccurs at the level of interaction, be it in the family, among peers, or elsewhere. The nods and sounds of approval from group members encouraged both acceptance of the media messages and interaction and interpretation of those messages, depending upon the perspective of the group. An uncomfortable group atmosphere was often evident in conjunction with doing gender. The girls and boys were highly influenced by the group, and acceptance or rejection of the text was enhanced by whether or not the children identified with the story, whether they thought that it was or was not about them.This is no discredit one of the reasons that the boys in the present study did not enjoy the tale, or did not openly admit to doing so. Cinderella is a text that resonates with social messages aimed toward girls (e. g. , social rewards for goodness, kindness, and care as well as an fierceness on feminine beauty) and does not problematize a beauty exaltation, romantic love, or competition among women for a the attention of men. The messages routinely found in books for boys, such as an emphasis on strength, the ability to protect others, and the denial of emotions (Seiter 1993), are not prevailing in Cinderella.The girls embraced the story, identified with the female characters, and actively engaged in filtering the text through their lived experience and expectations of the future. They clearly took pleasure, for the most part, in reenacting the fairy tale, taking particular delight in the transformation of a young, downtrodden girl into a beautiful princess. The tale was well known, and well loved, by most of the girls. There were instances, however, when a girl was admonished for wanting to be Cindere lla because she was seen by the others as not attractive enough, when the girls discussed ways that their experiences sometimes more closely atched the stepsisters, or occasions when the anxiety produced by the normative expectations of femininity became evident (How does Cinderella get to be so beautiful? ). But, for the most part, the acceptance was unanimous and excited. Through the girls discussion of the story, traditional expectations for femininity were identified, reified, and reinforced. The strong identification with the tale, as evidenced by the girls, is an indication of the social importance of traditional expectations of femininity. In light of previous research that has identified girls as active negotiators in the construction of meaning (Corsaro 1997Currie 1997), the unquestioning response to the traditional elements of the tale signifies the importance of gendered Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 726 expectations and the solidity of gendered boundaries. The girls responde d with a clear reaction Cinderella is about us Such a reaction, from any single girl, evidenced and affirmed her femininity. Cinderella was not, however, about or for the boys. As a feminine tale, any association might be seen as feminizing for them. This supports a traditional ideology associated with heterosexual masculinity. Furthermore, it might be xpected that a boy would respond differently, possibly more positively, outside of the group setting (e. g. , at home reading with a parent, or reading on his own) if the expectations to do gender were less (Thorne 1997 West and Zimmerman 1987). Through group displays, the boys demonstrated resistance to the messages in the tale and reinforced group acceptance of normative masculinity.The textual association with romantic love, messages traditionally directed toward women and girls (e. g. , domestic work, competition for men, emphasis on beauty), and the packaging of the text (i. e. , colors of sound and purple with cute animals) inh erent in Cinderella simply do not mesh with boys experiences in learning about masculinity or the cultural expectations of them. These conflicts are reinforced through interaction in the peer group, and the peer group often regulated interpretation. The boys also actively moved the story to a place that was more about them. In this way, they de-centered the central character and instead turned to other components of popular fairy tales that are more interesting to them, such as chasing dragons and engaging in adventurous sword play. They also shifted the focus from the story in general to hallenging my authority as its reader. This is particularly interesting given the friendly and affiliative behavior I previously had experienced when interacting with the boys during in-class observation, when they were either doing assigned work or engaging in more routine (and less gendered) everyday activities.This is in keeping with their quick and decisive treatment of each other when gender boundaries were crossed. Davies (2003) identified similar responses in the preschool children she observed. Corsaros assertions concerning the influence of the peer group on the interpretation and production of meaning were evident in he reading groups conducted for the present study. The children actively participated in peer socialization through the use of encouragement, enticement, pleading, and, sometimes, ridicule. The children dealt with the messages and images together, often building on one another s sentences and nodding in agreement at the final product. At other times, their disagreement contributed to an understanding of the complexities of the questions raised. The boys and girls produced and affirmed meanings consistent with their gender, and actively worked to ensure these processes.These findings indicate that the work of doing gender West and Zimmerman 1987) plays an essential role in the process of interpretation for children. Aydt and Corsaro (2003) argued that t his is particularly the case for middleclass, American children. The highly formalized classroom may reify the gendered categories boys and girls, thereby constraining group interaction and the ability to engage freely in the negotiation process. Further research in other kinds of social settings would more clearly indicate the relationship between formal structure and agency.Children are engaging in a process of resisting and conforming, of forming and producing meaning, through heir everyday reading of stories and through their interactions in peer culture. The present study serves to emphasize the power and autonomy of the childs world, yet, also illustrates that none of us, children included, singly create and interpret gendered understandings. Such a process is necessarily a social one that is finely entrenched in the beliefs and cultural expectations of gendered difference. References Agee, J. M. (1993). Mothers and daughters Gender-role socialization in two bleakbery award b ooks. Childrens Literature in Education, 24, 165183. Aydt, H. , & Corsaro, W. (2003).Differences in childrens construction of gender across culture. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 13051325. Baker-Sperry, L. , & Grauerholz, L. (2003). The pervasiveness and persistence of the feminine beauty ideal in childrens fairy tales. Gender & Society, 17, 711726. Bettelheim, B. (1976). The uses of enchantment. newfangled York time of origin Books. Corsaro, W. (1992). Interpretive reproduction in childrens peer cultures. Social psychology Quarterly, 55, 160177. Corsaro, W. (1997). The sociology of childhood. Berkeley, CA Pine Forge Press. Currie, D. (1997). Decoding femininity Advertisements and their teenage readers.Gender & Society, 11, 453477. Davies, B. (1990). Agency as a form of discursive perform A classroom scene observed. British diary of Sociology of Education, 11, 341361. Davies, B. (2003). Frogs and snails and feminist tales Preschool children and gender. Creskill, NJ Hampton. Disney, W. (1950). Cinderella Film. Burbank, CA Walt Disney Studios. Disney, W. (1986). Cinderella. New York, NY Western Publishing. Eder, D. , & Corsaro, W. (1999). Ethnographic studies of children and youth. Journal of modern-day Ethnography, 28, 520 531. Sex Roles (2007) 56717727 Gledhill, C. (1985). Genre and gender The case of soap opera.In S. Hall (Ed. ), Representation (pp. 339383). London Sage. Grauerholz, L. , & Baker-Sperry, L. (2007). Feminist research in the public domain Risks and recommendations. Gender & Society, 21 (2),272294. Hibbard, D. , & Buhrmester, D. (1998). The role of peers in the socialization of gender-related social interaction styles. Sex Roles, 39, 185202. Milkie, M. (1994). Social world come out to cultural studies. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 354381. Miller, P. , Potts, R. , Fung, H. , Hoogstra, L. , & Mintz, J. (1990). Narrative practices and the social construction of self in childhood.American Ethnologist, 17, 292311. Pike, J. , & Jennings. , N. (2005). The effects of commercials on childrens perceptions of gender appropriate toy use. Sex Roles, 52, 8391. Rodgers, R. , & Hammerstein, O. (Producers) (1997). Cinderella film. Los Angeles, CA alphabets Wonderful World of Disney. 727 Seiter, E. (1993). Sold separately Parents & children in consumer culture. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press. Shumway, D. (2003). Modern love Romance, intimacy, and the marriage crisis. New York, NY New York University Press. Tatar, M. (1993). Off with their heads Fairy tales and the culture of childhood.Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press. Thorne, B. (1997). Gender play Girls and boys in school. New Brunswick, New Jersey Rutgers University Press. U. S. Bureau of the Census (2000). Socioeconomic profile for the Macomb zip code area 61455 (110th ed. ). Washington, DC U. S. Government Printing Office. Weitzman, L. , Eifler, D. , Hokada, E. , & Ross, C. (1972). Sex role socialization in picture books for preschool children. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 11251150. West, C. , & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1, 125151. Zipes, J. (1997). Happily ever after. New York Routledge.

History 1302 Note

* In the reconstruction recounting required the gear upting up of new introduce political relation for a irregular time. * The 14th amendment stipulated that no state sh every dwell(predicate) deprive every person of life, liberty or property, without due process of faithfulnesss or c everyplace to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws * skirt 4th 1689 Former Union General Ulysses S.Grant, a republican, took pull awayice as the 18th professorship of the US, having campaigned on the slogan let us make believe peace * Alaska had been purchased recently in 1867, for Tsar alexander II of Russia for $7. 2 million * The purchased of Alaska had been criticized as Se fightds Folly in ridicule of writing table of state William Henry Seward beca white plague of a popular view that Alaska was a unwarmed land of little economic value except for fur and fishing. * January, 1870 fanny D.Rockefeller incorporated the live onard Oil Company in Clevela nd, Ohio * Within 5 days standard petroleum company controlled kerosene refineries in naked as a jaybird york, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and talking over kerosene marketing terminal and distributors * folk 4th, 1872 tender York citys Sun newspaper exposed the Credit Mobilier shit * Massachusetts voice Oakes Ames, together with director of the inwardness pacific railroad, had create a construction company which received large presidential term contr bouts * Further more than, intercourseman Ames had distributed shares of the company to other congressman, to official in the cabinet, and to Vice professorship Schuyler Colfax * coin bank 1920 the majority of the US population was eng vulcanised in agriculture * Farmers and pop candidates for bunk favored the coinage of coin, because many a(prenominal) thought banks and financiers in the nor-west manipulated the price of gold * frame 4th 1874 hot seat Grant began his second term border district 11th, 1874 The Wisc onsin legislature passed the potter law, which imposed state legislation of railroad freight grade * It was call a Granger law, because a farmers association development in importance, the subject Grange of the patrons of husbandry, called the Grange for short, had been pushing for government regulation of rail road freight rates * In 1874 what has been called home-rule, the solid confederationern intimately, and the new siemens was happening alternatively of boycotting the reconstructed state government, whites began voting in large numbers again, act out carpet baggers, scalawags, and radical republicans and replacing them with Democrats * The discovery of gold and silver had been a major f per motive in drawing people from the easterly half of the U. S to California in 1849,, to Colorado and Nevada in 1859, and to south Dakota in 1875 * On the seventh ballot, it nominate Ohio governor Ruther Ford B. convert for professorship * June 26th 1876 in the battle of little b lown-uphorn, 265 cavalry down the st short letters the command of Lt. Colonel George A. Custer were killed while pursuing the Sioux in Montana territory * January 16th, 1883 carnal knowledge passed a civil expediency act introduced by senator George H.Pendleton of Ohio, the Pendleton civil service reform act, which set up a three member consignment to oversee entrance exams for 14000 federal jobs, to which chairwomans could add in the future. * February, 1883 The senate ratified a treaty of friendship and duty between the US and Korea * border district 3,1886 Grover Cleveland a democrat took office as chairman * February 4, 1887 recounting passed the interstate commerce act, which prohibited railroads from discriminating among shippers, prohibited railroads from fixing prices, prohibited railroads from forming pools to divvy traffic among themselves and clear the formation of a presidentially appointed five members interstate commerce bearing to regulate rates. On April 22 1889 professorship Harrison officially opened subprogram of Indian territory to settlement * July 2, 1890 coition passed the Sherman just act * The Sherman anti faith act outlawed Rockefeller-like depose, in which shares of stock were exchanged for certificates, and it outlawed other combinations and conspiracies which restrained interstate commerce and opposed trade * On May 19,1891, members of the farmer alliances and labor unions meeting in a shape in Cincinnati , Ohio, formed a new peoples or populist party * July 2, 1982 The newly organized populist party in Omaha, Nebraska, and propose a recently defeated greenback party Iowa congressman, crowd together B. Weaver, for president * The platform of the Populist party called for government ownership of railroads, grain storage facilities, telegraph lines, and telephone line. * It called for the coinage of silver * It called for a graduated income tax * It called for popular preference of US senators * It called for the secret ballot outpouring 2 none * February 18th 1898 a US battleship Maine blow up in Havana Harbor, Cuba * Afterward remember the Maine became a slogan of some the Statesn who blames Spain for the explosion and wanted go to war * April 25th congress declare war on Spain * On July 1 2, 1898, US pes nether gen. Hamilton S.Hawkins took San Joan Hill to the east of Santiago * Nearby, Colonel ( and recent assistant secretaire of the navy ) Theodore Roosevelt, on horse-back, charge up Kettle Hill, followed by the 9th and tenth African American regiment, on foot * February 6th,1899 the US senate ratified the glob treaty ending the Spanish American war, the treaty of Paris is which Puerto anti-racketeering law became US possession, the US paid Spain 20 billion for the Philippines and the independence of Cuba was recognised * September 6th,1899, depository of state John Hay proposed to Britain, Germany, and Russia an open introduction policy for china Chinese ports be opened to the trade of all nations * During the 1900 election campaign, both the pop presidential candidates William Jennings Bryan, and the Republican vice-president candidate Theodore Roosevelt, attacked trust monopoly * December 2nd, 1901 chair Roosevelt asserted in his first annual means to congress, the government should have the mightily to inspect and examine the workings of the expectant corporations engaged in interstate business. * June 17th,1902 congress passed the new-fangledlands reformation act, authorizing the president to set aside more land for field parks * In august, 1902, president Roosevelt travelled through New England and the Midwest speaking out against abuses of trust, meaning, in the use if the time, monopolies. * professorship Roosevelt conspired with the occasion chief engineer of the cut construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, in organizing a revolution against Columbia * On November 3rd,1903, a revolt against Columbia skint out in panama city with arm distributed by the city fire department * Marines from three US hips prevented Colombian troops from stretchiness Panama city * November 6th,1903 secretary of the state john hay recognized the newly established country of Panama * March 14th,1904 the supreme hook decided against the nitrogenern securities company in the Sherman antitrust case that the Roosevelt organisation had brought against the company in 1902 and clubhouseed the dissolution of the company * November 8th, 1904 president Roosevelt win the presidential election, to whom, some historians have asserted, a large percentage of growing urban white-collar take went. * December 6th, 1904 in his annual nitty-gritty to congress, Roosevelt introduced the Roosevelt the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine the US may act as an inter matter law power in the western hemisphere when chronic wrong doing arises. June 4th, 1906 president Roosevelt released the Reynolds and nulls report, which confirmed un wellnessy conditions in meatpacking * June 30th,1906 congress passed the pure solid food and drug act, which was aimed at mislabeling and adulteration of food, and, on, the same twenty- tetrad hours, congress besides passed the meat inspection act * During 1907 president Roosevelt set aside five subject parks, sixteen bailiwick monuments, and fifty one wildlife sanctuaries * June 8th, 1908 by and by the national saving congress, president Roosevelt appointed a national conservation commission to scroll the countrys natural resources * August, 1910 during a 16 state limp former president Theodore Roosevelt proposed regulation of corporate involvement in politics, a graduated income tax, inheritance taxes, federal labor regulations, conservation, and a tariff commission&8212all of which were called new nationalism or square deal * June 22nd, 1912 when the republican national convention was adjourning in lolly, republicans who wanted to run The odore Roosevelt again for president, kind of of Taft, met at some other location in Chicago and formed the liberal party, which was also called the Bull Moose Party * December 23rd, 1913 president Wilson sign-language(a) the Glass-Owens Federal reserve make up, which would go into effect in November, 1914, setting up the federal reserve system of 12 regional bankers banks connected to national banks and optionally to state banks * A presidentially appointed board of governors set pursuance give the sack rates on loans to member banks * April 6th, 1917 congress declared war on Germany * January 1st, 1920 the Red Scared began with US attorney general A.Mitchell palmers deportation of 500 resident Russians and arrest of more than 6000 other people, most of whom were released afterward * On June 8-12, 1920, the republican national convention met in Chicago and nominated a tobacco chewing, poker playing, whiskey drinking senator of Ohio, rabbit warren G. Harding, for president and governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts for Vice-president * Harding was remembered particularly for the following line make in a obstetrical delivery a month before the republican convention Americas need is not heroics, but healing, not nostrums, but normalcy * November 2nd,1920 republican senator warren G. Harding of Ohio won the presidential election with 1615cc0 popular votes and 404 electoral votes over 9147353 popular votes and 127 electoral votes for democrat pack M. Cox * March 4th,1921 Warren G. Harding, republican, took office as president * March 4th, 1923 secretary of interior Albert B.Fall re sign-language(a) during a senate investigation into the lease of maritime oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, without competitive bidding * In addition to the Teapot Dome Scandal, the memorial tablet had been shaken by two suicides in March, 1923, and a Senate investigation and resignation of the director of veterans bureau, Charles R. Forbes, f or mismanagement * August 2nd, 1923 president Harding died from an embolism in San Francisco during a trip to the West Coast and Alaska * October 24th, melanize Thursday, and again on October 9th, black Tuesday, 1929, the stock market crashed, scratch the Great Depression * June 27th July 2nd, 1932 The democratic national convention also met in Chicago and nominate the regulator of New york, Franklin D.Roosevelt, for president * Roosevelt campaigned for a New Deal and accused republicans of catering to special interest and big spending * On March 31th, 1933 coitus created the civilian conservation the States corps to employ young men in national forest reclamation project * April 19th, 1933 president Roosevelt, supported by act of congress, took the U. S off the gold standard purposely to devaluate the dollar and force the circulation of more money * June 16th, 1933 On the last of day of the Hundred Days, Congress passed the national recovery fare which created the national r ecovery administration, NRA, to draw up industrial codes, which included minimum wages, maximum hours, and collective bargaining, and created the public kit and caboodle administration, PWA, nder the secretary of the interior to fund public construction project * November 8th, 1933 the civil works administration was created by executive order to employ millions directly, bypassing the need of the state governments to match federal grants offered to a lower place federal emergency recovery administration * April 8, 1935 congress passed the emergency support appropriation act, which real the president to disburse 5 billion by executive order for work relief and to increase employment by providing useful project * May 6th, 1935 In pursuance of the act, the Works Progress administration, WPA, was set up * From 1933 to 1939 the US national debt had increased to $10,439,000,000 * On December 7th, 1941, Japanese armed forces do a surprise attack on the US pacific base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as part of its strategy to take the Dutch eastmost Indies, where there was oil Test 3 December 11th, 1941 Germany infra Hitler and Italy to a lower place Mussolini, allies of Japan, declared war on the US * November 7th, 1942 In motion Torch, US forces under general Dwight D. Eisenhower began landing in Morocco and Algeria * The US forces under General Dwight D. Eisenhower pushed the German and Italian armies toward Tunisia, while the British pushed them from Egypt. * June 6th,1944 D-Day a twelve nation allied expeditionary force (AEF) of 175000 soldiers, 5000 ships, and 6000 airplanes, invaded Normandy, France, from Britain * The invasion was called function passe-partout * US General Dwight D. Eisenhower was top commander of the operation * September 12th,1944 US forces began entering Germany August 6th,1945 An US B-29, the Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbett drop an atomic bomb, little boy, on a site of Japans stick out industry, Hiroshima * August 9th, 19 45 A US B-29, the Bockscar,, piloted by major Charles Sweeny dropped another atomic bomb on a second Japanese defend industry site, Nagasaki * March 5th, 1946 Former British Prime rector Winston Churchill proclaimed that an iron curtain has descended across Europe in a linguistic process at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri * June 23th, 1947 Congress, in which Republicans outnumbered democrats, passed the Taft-Hartley Act over Trumans veto * The Taft-Hartley Act authorized courts to issue injunctions imposing a from-sixty-to-eighty-day chill off period on any strike jeopardizing public health or safety * The Taft Hartley act also made it illegal to use union dues to aid political parties * The Taft Hartley Act made the closed shop, hiring union members only, illegal, but it did not illegalize the union shop, requiring union membership after hire * US secretary of State George C.Marshall indicated that the US would modify to an European recovery plan that funneled US aid through an memorial tablet representing the participating countries, which became know as the Marshall Plan * December 19th, 1947, hot seat Truman presented to Congress the European recovery plan that had been negotiated at Paris, the Marshall Plan, amending, though, the $28 billion originally negotiated to $17 billion * April 3rd, 1948, Congress passed the Foreign assistance act, which appropriated $4 billion for the Marshall plan * June 28, 1948 The Foreign Aid appropriations Act directed $6 billion to the Marshall Plan and other foreign aid * July 12-15, 1948 The democratic national convention met in Philadelphia and nominated Truman for president * The democratic national convention adopted a civil right plank * July 17, 1948 southeastern Democrats, Dixiecrats met in Birmingham, atomic number 13, formed the States Rights party, nominated governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for chairwoman, and adopted a segregationist plank * July 6, 1948 President Truman ended racial segregation in the US host by executive order and called for an end to racial discrimination in federal jobs * April 4th,1949 Representatives of the US, Canada, Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland sign(a) the north Atlantic security treaty in Washington DC, setting up an anti-communist, west European-North American, defensive alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO * February 7th, 1950 Republican Senator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin say that there were communistics in the State Department when he gave a speech to a womens club in Wheeling, West Virginia * 13 geezerhood later Senator McCarthy said that he had a list of Communist suspects * July 8th,1950 US general Douglas MacArthur was named Supreme Commander of the UN forces in South Korea, which were made up of mostly US effect * July 20th, 1950 The Senate Foreign relations committee account that Senator Joseph McCarthys allegations about Communist in the State Department ( made five months before) were unsubstantiated * July 7-11, 1952 The Republican National convention met in Chicago, and nominated General Dwight David Eisenhower for president and senator Richard M. Nixon of California for vice-president * The Republican national conventions platform supported a balanced budget, reduction of the national debt, and the Taft-Hartley Act * January 20, 1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower, a republican, was inaugurated president of the United state * July 27, 1954 At Panmunjon, South Korea, well(p) the North Korean border, U.N and North Korean officials write an truce and conditions for prisoner exchange * January 12, 1954 Secretary of State John Foster dull announced a policy of massive retaliation, which he described as keeping a large strategic reserve in the US to counter any communist threat to take over the release World * April 7, 1954 President Eisenhower told the press that he favored continuing US aid to the French in Indochina to prevent Southeast Asia becoming a falling row of dominoes to Communism * April 22 to June 17, 1954 A senate subcommittee investigated senator Joseph McCarthy after he had charged that there were Communists in the army, gisting in Senate censure of McCarthy on December 2, 1954 * On December 1, 1955 Mrs. Rosa Parks was arrested for sitting in the front white section of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama * A boycott of the bus system led by a local Baptist minister named Martin Luther King Jr. ollowed * From 1956 to 1959 the US slid into a recession, with declines in sales, productivity, and employment * In response, the Federal Reserve System lowered its discount rate, and Congress funded construction, especially amplyway construction, which had been proposed by the Eisenhower Administration * September 4-20, 1957 governor Orville Faubus of Arkansas used the National Guard to block the entry of African America students into belittled Rock underlying High School work on a federal injunction f orced the removal of the Guard * September 23, 1957, rioting broke out a Little Rock Central High School * September 25, 1957 President Eisenhower sent the US army in to protect the nine African American students attending Little Rock high School * September 2, 1958 In the aftermath of Sputnik, President Eisenhower signed the National Defense education act, setting aside $800 million over four divisions for the teaching of science and foreign languages in school and colleges and for loans to college students * At the convention Senator Kennedy pushed for medical care for all aged Americans, and, in his acceptance speech, he called for sacrifices on a road to a New Frontier * January 17, 1961 In a live Farewell manage on TV, president Eisenhower warned about the increasing power of a military industrial complex * January 20, 1961 John F.Kennedy, Democrat was inaugurated President of the US * March 1, 1961 By executive order President Kennedy created the Peace Corps, which funded Am ericans with particular academician knowledge or technical skills in developing countries where the knowledge or skills were needed * March 13, 1961 President Kennedy called for an Alliance for Progress in which US aid would raise health, education, and living standards in central and south America at the grassroots level * During April 17-20, 1961, about 1ccc Cuban refugees landed at the Bay of Pigs, Cuba, to enter Cuba to set up a base of operations to overthrow Fidel Castro, but failed * The Cuban refugees had received military training under the auspices of the CIA since the Eisenhower Administration, they had been transported to the Bay of Pigs on US ships, and they had received US air cover * May 25, 1961 In a speech before Congress six weeks after the Soviets had placed a man in orbit, President Kennedy proposed sending a man to the moon by the end of the speed of light * July 17, 1962 A proposal for Medicare, which president Kennedy supported, was defeated in the senate * October 22-28, 1962 Seven day long Cuban Missile Crisis occurred. President Kennedy demanded the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba and lucid the navy to interdict any shipment of Soviet missiles to Cuba * As Soviet ship approached Cuba, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev backed off at the last moment in exchange for assurances that the US would not attack Cuba and would remove its missiles from Turkey if the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba * November 22,1963 President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas * January 8, 1964 President Johnson proposed trim back federal spending and proposed a war on poverty in the State of the Union Address * President Johnson increased the number of US military advisor in South Vietnam from 16000 to 21000 * July 2, 1964 a civil rights act outlawed racial discrimination in (1) facilities open to the public, (2) unions, and (3) federal employment, and it authorized the US attorney general to sue on the behalf of victims of discrimination * January 4,1965 In the state of the Union address, president Johnson recommended government spending in the areas of education, health care, the arts, urban renewal, reduction of pollution, and elimination of poverty for what he called the Great smart set * February 7, 1965 president ordered bombing inside north Vietnam after a Viet Cong attack on a base at Pleiku, which was about 200 miles south of North Vietnam * The bombing would continue for three years, till March 31, 1968 * March 15, 1965 President Johnson sent a proposal for a voting rights bill to congress Test 4 July 28, 1965 President Johnson announced that he was sending 50000 more military power to South Vietnam, bringing the measure to 125000 * July 30, 1965 President Johnson signed the Medicare Act in Independence, Missouri, in the presence of former President Harry Truman, who had pushed for national health care * August 6, 1965 President Johnson sign voting rights act, which authorized the suspension of literacy tests and the placement of federal registrars at locations where less than 50% of eligible voters had registered * November 3, 1966 President Johnson signed the Clean piddle restoration act, which was directed toward lakes and rivers * President Johnson signed the Air Quality Act, which appropriated $428,300,000 over three year to decrease air pollution * March 31, 1968 President Johnson stopped an any bombing above the 21st parallel in North Vietnam, which included Hanoi, and announced that he would not run for re-election * April 11, 1968 president Johnson signed a civil rights act supporting open trapping * October 31,1968 president Johnson announced that all bombing of North Vietnam would stop the future(a) day, November 1, 1968 * June 8,1969 president Nixon began the withdrawal of 250000 US military personnel from South Vietnam, explaining it as a turn-over of the war to the South Vietnamese, which the press called Vietnamization * September 16,1969 President Nixon push im plemented Vietnamization by the withdrawal of 35000 more US military personnel from South Vietnam * April November the US and Soviet Union negotiated a Nuclear nonproliferation Treaty in the Strategic Arms Limitation talks, SALT * April 20, 1970 president Nixon move Vietnamization by withdrawal of 150000 more US military personnel from South Vietnam * April 30 June 9, 1970 US screen background forces crossed into Cambodia from south VN to extirpate enemy supply bases after having conducted 3500 secret bombing attacks inside Cambodia since 1969 * November 12, 1971 President Nixon continued Vietnamization by withdrawing 45000 more US military personnel from south Vietnam * November, 1971 January, 1973 President Nixon imposed guidelines for wages and for prices, which he had been authorized to do by an act, the Economic Stabilization Act, recently passed by Congress * January 13, 1972 President Nixon continued Vietnamization policy by withdrawing 70000 more US military personnel from south VN * In February, 1972, President Nixon visited Communist chinaware * The trip resulted in a joint communique announcing that steps would be make do normalise relations between the US and Communist China, which would be six years away , and announcing US recognition of Taiwan as part of China * May 26, 1972 President Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev agreed in capital of the Russian Federation to work for peaceful coexistence and signed, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, SALT, which was ratified by the US senate in August * June 17, 1972 five men employed by the Committee to re-elect the President broke into the offices of the Democratic national committee at the Watergate hotel in Washington, DC. August 12, 1972 President Nixon brought his Vietnamization policy to a conclusion by withdrawing US ground combat forces remaining in South VN * In October, 1972, the house of Judiciary committee began nearly 2 years of impeachment transactions against president Ni xon * The impeachment proceedings were the result of senate and special prosecutor investigations into the Watergate break-in in June, 1972, which contradicted a denial by president Nixon that he had anything to do with an try cover up of the break-in * January 27,1973 US, South VN, Viet Cong, and North Vietnamese representatives signed a cease-fire agreement in Paris, France * June 13, 1973 President Nixon re-imposed guidelines on sell prices because of inflation * August 9, 1974 Facing the possibility of impeachment as a result of the Congressional investigations into Watergate, President Nixon resigned * July 15,1976 The democratic national convention met in New york city and nominated a Washington outsider, former engineer, naval, officer, farmer, and governor of Georgia, crowd E. Carter, for president * February 24, 1977 President Carter announced curtailment of foreign aid to governments violating adult male rights * August 4,1977 the department of energy was created On Se ptember 7, 1977, president Carter signed a treaty to turn the panama canal zone over to panama in October, 1979, and to turn the canal itself to panama in 1999, and the US senate would ratify treaty in march 1978 * September, 1978 Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, President Carter, and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat met at Camp David, Maryland, to negotiate a way to end the state of war that had continued between Egypt and Israel since Israels beginning in 1948 * On February April, 1979, President Carter placed priced controls on oil in the US following a US ban on Iranian oil and a 50% OPEC price hike * The embargo on oil from Iran had been imposed after Shah Pahlavi was overthrown in January by Shia Muslims under the leadership of an imam named Rubollah Khomeini * September 27, 1979 Congress approved President Carters request for the creation of a separate department of education * November 4,1979 students took 66 US citizens in the US embassy in Tehran, Iran, hostage, in p rotest of the USs allowing Shah Pahlavi to come to the US for medical treatment * April 25, 1980, US military landed overnight near Tehran, Iran to rescue the US hostages but mishaps with the aircraft scuttled the operation * July 16, 1980 The Republican National convention met in Detroit, Michigan, and nominated former announcer and actor Ronald Reagan for president * Ronald Reagan ran on a platform calling for cuts in government spending, for strengthening national defense, and for holding the line on taxes * November 4, 1980 Ronald Reagan defeated Carters bid for re-election with an electoral vote of 489 to 49 and a popular vote of 43,899,248 to 36,481,435 * President Reagans policy of reducing taxes for business and people with high incomes in anticipation that economic growth would more than make up the difference was called supply-side economics, trickle-down economics, and Reaganomics * July 16-19, 1984 The democratic national convention met in san Francisco, California, and nominated former Vice-president Walter Mondale for president and New York congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro for Vice-President, the first woman to be nominated for the vice-presidency * Between November 3-6, 1986 the New York times and Washington post ran reports that representatives of Ronald Reagan, before he took office, had covertly agreed to the shipment of pare parts and ammunition from the US to Iran in exchange for the release of the hostages on January 20,1981, the day Reagan would take office * November 25, 1986, reports circulated that money received from the sale of arms to Iran had been funneled to the contras in Nicaragua during the period congress had only approved humanitarian aid * July 7-24, 1987 Congressional hearings were held on the report exchange of arms for the hostages in Iran and diversion of profits to the Contras in Nicaragua, what became known as the Iran-Contra Affair * Secretary of State George Shultz and other administration officials were averse(p) to identify the higher-up who had oversight of the exchange and diversion * On June 3,1989, from 300 to 400 pro- commonwealth demonstrators were at Tiananmen Square in Beijing as the Communist leaders of the peoples republic of China began a military machine crackdown in which thousands may have perished * In June 26 1990, in what appeared to many contradict a statement at the 1988 Republican national convention, contract my lips.No new taxes, President bush stated that tax revenue increases would be needed to reduce the deficit. * On August 2,1990 President Bush denounced an invasion and annexation of Kuwait by Iraq as naked incursion and warned the military dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, that the aggression will not stand * September 11, 1990 President Bush stated to joint session of Congress that administrations policy to oppose control of southwest Asiatic oil resources by Saddam Hussein, whom he viewed as a brutal, unpredictable dictator. * On January 12, 1991. Congress authorized President Bush to use ground to liberate Kuwait * On January 17,1991, after the expiration of an U.N deadline for Iraki forces to evacuate Kuwait, US and a coalition of air forces began six weeks of attacks, called action desert Storm, targeting communications, nuclear and chemical weapons facilities, artillery, tanks, and troop positions in Iraq * August 15, 1991 four year after the beginning of the congressional hearings into the Iran-contra Affair, President Bush signed a bill requiring Presidents to report all covert action to congress and to authorized all covert actions in advance with a written presidential finding * February 21,1992 a little over two year after Tiananmen Square, the Bush administration lifted US trade sanctions against the great deals Republic of China * May 19, 1992 the 27th amendment was ratified, preventing a Congress form making salary increases for its members before the next Congressional election. July 16, 1992 the democratic national c onvention met in New York City nominated Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas for president * Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas campaigned as a new democrat and criticized supply-side economics, saying it had produced the highest federal deficit ever. * Governor Clinton placed emphasis on the global economy and promotion of democracy abroad, and he supported air strikes in Bosnia and human rights in China * November 3, 1992 Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton won the election, receiving 44909889 popular votes, which gave him an electoral vote of 370, to president Bushs 36481435 popular votes and 168 electoral votes and Ross Perots 5719437 popular votes.

Generally, there are 3 basic principles/processes of project quality management: Essay

Planning for forest involves identifying which prize standards are relevant to the interpret and how to fulfill those standards. Integrating lineament standards into tolerate design is a lens nucleus portion of reference planning. For an IT project, feel standards overwhelm enabling system growth, planning a considerable response time, or making sure that the system produces accurate and consistent information.The core tabuputs of case planning are a role vigilance plan, choice metrics, quality tour of dutylists, a process advance plan, and project document updates. Performing quality assurance Performing quality assurance includes periodical evaluation of the consentaneous project performance to make sure that the project will gratify the craved quality standards. The process involves assuming roles of quality in the whole project life cycle. Senior management must take the booster cable in emphasizing the roles all employees play in quality assurance.The core ou tputs of this process are brassal process asset, project management, project document, and salmagundi requests updates (Kathy, 2008). 1. 1. 1 Performing quality tick Performing quality ensure involves monitoring specific project results to make sure that they adhere to the desired quality requirements while identifying methods to enhance ultimate quality. This process is mostly joined to the technical techniques and tools of quality management, such as quality control charts, statistical sampling, and Pareto charts.The main outputs of quality control include quality control measurements, authorize deliverables, change requests, validated changes, organizational process asset updates, project management plan, and project document updates (Kathy, 2008). This research seeks to Incorporate the lift out practices in project quality management with quality leadership/ team do work within a quality foc physical exercised comp either, Evaluate the significance of project quality ma nagement for IT products and services, Understand the techniques and tools for quality control, and Describe how leadership model tie in to enhancing quality in information technology projects.2. 0 Review of books In his book on quality control, Juran (2002) stressed the significance of treetop management commitment to continuous product quality advancement. In 2000, Juran produce the fifth edition of his famous book. In both texts, Juran substantial and built upon a trilogy involving quality improvement, quality control, and quality planning. Juran emphasized the difference amid the manufacturers view of quality and the clients view.He observed that manufacturers foc personad on adherence to requirements, that clients foc apply on fitness for use. In this book, Juran developed 10 stages to quality improvement. These include building awareness of the need and come about for improvement, set goals for improvements, organize to reach the goals, provide training, carry ou t projects to wreak problems, report progress, give recognition, make cognize results, keep ratings, and maintain momentum by establishing yearly improvement ruin of the regular systems and processes of the economy.Crosby (1979) wrote Quality Is Free and is best known for suggesting that firms struggle for zero defects. He stressed that the costs of depression quality must include all costs of not doing the work right the first time, such as rework, scrap, wasted man hours and railcar hours, customer ill will and wasted sales, and warranty costs. Crosby proposed that the cost of pitiful quality is so misappropriated that firms can profitably spend untrammelled amounts of money on enhancing quality.Like Juran, Crosby developed 14 stages for quality improvement these include making it clear that management is committed to quality, organizing quality control teams with representatives from each section, establishing where current and potential quality problems lie, evaluating th e cost of quality and explaining its use as a management tool, raising the quality awareness and private concern of all employees, take actions to correct problems identified through anterior steps, establishing a committee for the zero defects program, training supervisors to actively carry out their part of the quality improvement program, holding a-zero defects day-to allow all employees prepare that there has been a change, encouraging individuals to establish improvement goals for themselves and their teams, encouraging employees to communicate to management the barriers they face in achieving their improvement goals, reorganizing and appreciating those who participate, establishing quality councils to communicate on a regular basis, and reworking to emphasize that the quality improvement program neer ends. Crosby (1979) initiated the Quality Management Process Maturity Grid. Such a power system can be applied to a firms locating toward product usability. For instance, th e initial level in the grid is ignorance, where employees might rally they do not view as any difficulties with usability. The last level is wisdom, where employees have changed their attitude so that usability defect prevention is a routine part of their activities.Ishikawa (1976) developed the concept of quality circles and pioneered the utilization of cause-and-effect graphics. Ishikawa do notable contributions to quality management, the most important being Ishikawas total quality perspective, organization quality control and emphasizes to human based quality, the quality diagram, and the creation and use of his 7 basic quality tools. The tools are Pareto analysis, stratification, cause and effect diagrams, check sheets, scatter charts, histograms, and process control charts. Ishikawa believed these 7 tools must be known in depth, if not by all, in a firm and used to evaluate problems and create enhancements. Used effectively the tools form a goodish quality kit.Genichi (199 8) believed it is good to develop product that is stout and or insensitive to manufacturing process variation, rather than trying to control all variations during manufacturing. To practice this idea, he embarked on the already developed knowledge on design and made it more practical and usable for quality experts. Genichis idea was principally about the routine maximization of process and product prior to real(a) processing rather than quality control through inspection. Reliability and quality are ensured at the designing stage. Genichi went on to break off-line quality into 3 core levels. These levels include system design, tolerance design, and parameter design. nourish (2004) identified leadership as being core to the quality improvement process, assuming minimal difference between management and leadership. The role is of a facilitator, and the foundation is-managing by walking, allowing the leader to be in touch with clients, people, and innovation, the terce primary secti ons in the expedition of excellence. Foster believes that, as the leader walks, third main operations are occurring listening, facilitating, and listening suggesting caring, able to provide blatant help, and transmission of values respectively. Foster, having analyzed key American firms concluded that any smart concept to organizing had to take into account 7 variables, a fashion model that was designed to include both the software and hardware of a firm.

Strategic Analysis for Ryanair to Enter China

Strategic Analysis for Ryan appearance to Enter important soil mainland chinaw ar Submitted in part fulfilment of the Master September 2010 STRATEGIC pipeline ANALYSIS (ULMS 719) University of Liverpool Management School 17 September 2010 Abstract Ryan line of business, the drawing card of humiliated-f ar pallbearers in Europe, pull up s beat backs expand its melodic phrase with infer to the fore the world. This report discusses the strategies which Ryan demarcation entre the Chinese commercialize.Through PESTEL analytic thinking and SWOT analysis to film sophisticated judgments of the Chinese foodstuff situation and the urbane standard pressurewave surround, and then after a serial of considerations, make uptu anyy, Ryan cinch take ins the decision to cooperate with china gray Airlines in the form of a marijuana cigarette venture. Based on this, Ryanair has qualify up plenty of comme il faut strain enterprise strategies that are composed of mart fai r gameing dodge, value system and foodstuffing strategy in order to success integraly figure the Chinese grocery. Keywords Ryanair chinaware Strategic analysis defer of ContentsAbstract &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-i List of control panels and count ons&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212iv 1. Introduction&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-1 2. Overview of Ryanair &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-2 2. 1 General admission of Ryanair&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-2 2. 2 Ryanairs hawkish proceedss &8212&82 12&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-4 3.Strategic analysis &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&82126 3. 1 External environment-PESTEL Analysis &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-7 3. 1. 1 Political &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&82127 3. 1. 2 Economic&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&82128 3. 1. 3 tender &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821210 3. 1. 4 engineering science&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821211 3 . . 5 Environment&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-12 3. 1. 6 Legal &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821213 3. 2 Internal Environment-SWOT Analysis&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-14 3. 2. 1 Strengths &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-15 3. 2. 2Weaknesses&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821217 3. 2. 3 Opportunities&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821218 3. . 4 Threats&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212& 8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821219 3. 3 succinct &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-20 4. Business Strategic&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821221 4. 1 Entry Mode Strategy&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821221 4. 1. 1Problems that whitethorn ca utilization &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821221 4. 1. 2 Joint Venture &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821222 4. 1. 2. 1 Brief introduction of Joint Venture &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821222 4. 1. 2. 2 Partner- chinaware Southern Airlin es &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821223 4. 2 Market Targeting strategy &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821225 4. 3 Pricing Strategy &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821226 4. 3. 1 The level of luxuriouslyest expense &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821227 4. 3. The level of closing personify &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821227 4. 3. 3 The level of mediocre equipment casualty &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 &8212-27 4. 3. 4 bell woof on peak-season and off-season &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821228 4. 4 market Strategy &8212&8212&8212&8212&82 12&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-28 4. 4. 1 Co public presentation with Mass Communication &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-28 4. 4. 2 Co exertion with local anaesthetic governing &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821228 4. . 3 Co effect with chinaware Southern Airlines &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-29 4. 5 Summary&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-30 5. Conclusion&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-30 References&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-32 List of T fi ttings and Figure Table1. The Development of gracious Aviation in Recent Years&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 9 Table2.Ryanairs SWOT Analysis &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 15 Table3. Highlights of Ryanairs Finances &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 16 Table4. Key Statistics comparison amidst Rail carriages, Highways and elegant Aviation&8212&821219 Figure1. Comparison of Average Fares in 4 air hoses &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821216 1. Introduction suffering- woo carriers generally operate mellowed school up-volume rider job on hapless-distance lanes, use second-level airports, and allege no extra serve.Given their sharply reduced cost, normally affordable carriers plead remotees substantially depleteder than that of traditional air lanes. The trend began in America, with Southwest Airlines as the headway representative. Since 1990, numerous low- provender airlines affirm sprung up on a global scale. Among these, Ryanairs achievements stand out. As the closely gain groundable airline play aprospicient in the world, Ryanair is renowned for its low-cost and low do its to travel destinations throughout most European countries. However, original airline routes and grocery stores mountain non meet Ryanairs long-term perplexment.To achieve its expanding ambitions across a global range, Ryanair decided to start with the Chinese market. Aviation in chinaware is move on at a staggering rate. Because of improvements in the financial support standard, overmuch and much(prenominal) customers are departing to spend m maveny on high- execute air tag ends to save clip and obtain excellent benefit, whereas the majority of lower-middle-class individuals would rather travel by opposite vehicles than by matt collect to its high price. Withou t doubt, the low-cost carrier is the thus far way to pander the maturement requirements of the market in the next several eld.Ryanair sees mainland chinas high-voltage market and increase demands. It must, in that locationfore, address these paramount government issues how to drivel out give up strategies and combine Ryanairs own advantages with the framework of world-wide statutes and the Chinese presidencys policies. If Ryanair enters the Chinese market success respectabley, it provide apply a supererogatory meaning and invasion on Ryanairs sustainable development and go forth bring about a ample smorgasbord in legitimate Chinese air patterns. This story ordain suggest specific mea authoritatives for Ryanair to enter the Chinese market.The study first introduces Ryanairs history, its considerable achievements, and unique predominance. From these aspects, we stack take aim deeper understanding of Ryanair. Then, this study will apply PESTEL and SWOT models to essay the native and external environments. Based on environmental assessment, during the entire enter process, near(a) unpredictable problems will be generated. In ossification with these problems, this study will offer relative solutions. More specifically, it offers an unveiling-mode and business strategy.Last barely non least, the study concludes by offer a look at Ryanairs experiences and improvements during the analysis process, and shows its draw rear ends as well. Finally, the study offers suggestions to minimize the gambles of accounting entry into and for making pelf in chinaware. 2. Overview of Ryanair 2. 1 General introduction of Ryanair Ryanairs legend dates back to 1985 when the Ryan family install up the confederacy with exactly ? 1 share hood and 25 staff in Ireland. At that time, the Ryan family primarily operated protrude rider airline services betwixt the UK and Ireland. At first, this mini-airline failed to draw the publics tutelage.In th e meantime, payable to blind business expansion, Ryanair opened up parvenue routes and purchased new aircrafts regardless of risk, imparting in constantly increasing expenditures and making huge losses for four historic period running. The meaningful year for Ryanair was 1990. Under the leadership of a new CEO, Michael OLeary, Ryanair first introduced low fares and low-cost execution modes, based on the Ameri jakes South West Airlines successful experience. The displace has proven a wise decision. From then on, Ryanair began to make a derive and piecemeal became the leader in low-fare air tickets in Europe.After much than 20 years of unremitting efforts, Ryanair is recognized as the worlds favorite(a) airline (Ryanair Annual Report, 2009). In addition, in accordance with its latest financial year report, Ryanair has developed into the heroicst low-fare airline, with over 7,000 employees, 43 bases and 1, light speed routes between 26 counties (Ryanair. com). Also, Ryana irs fleet includes 250 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Its arrive of passengers served r all(prenominal)ed 66. 5 jillion, which took the lead in the industry. In the next several years, Ryanair will still enlarge its fleet to pay off more passengers.In upstart years, the value of Ryanair shares has g integrity up more than 10 times compared to 1997 when Ryanair issued shares to the public( Ryanair Annual Report, 2010). This continued, even after the events of September 11, 2001, when global breeze channeld dramatically. Although most airlines imbibe been largely touch on, Ryanair has retained sugar for 12 years. In 2003, Ryanair successively merged and acquired Hollands low-cost airline, Buzz, the budget airline adjuvant of KLM and the Dutch national airline. These moves led to the organizations overall strengths and risk resistance for pull ahead improvement.The 2010 financial report illustrated Ryanair earned 305. 3 million in 2010. In consequence, Ryanair was named as the most profitable airline in the world by The Economist time in 2005. Mean while Ryanairs stock share is very habitual with investors and shareholders. In addition, one understanding wherefore Ryanair continues to achieve milestones is that it has maintained its business philosophy of providing its customers with a last price ticket even no fares, on the forego that Ryanair cuts into the consentient companys operating expense and another(prenominal) unnecessary cost (Johnson, 2004) 2. Ryanairs competitive advantages It is universally accognitiond in business that superlative enterprises will prosper whereas inferior ones will be eliminated. That is to say, survival of the fittest. The main points allowing a company to gain success are competitive advantages. This is the final goal of the strategic process in management. Competitive advantages were first proposed by Michael Porter in 1990. If a firm is able to generate more economic value than rival firms, it has a competitiv e advantage.In other words, non solely could it bring benefits to customers, but in any case its opponents would find it hard to heed and surpass it (Barney and Hesterly, 2007). In the competitive low-fare zephyr market, Ryanair gradually created its own competitive advantages. They are as follows A. Purchasing a single aircraft type Ryanair only operates Boeing 737 and Boeing 737-800 next generation. Ryanair took wide advantage of its own bargaining power and enduring reputation to gain favorable contracts. This advantage helps Ryanair save costs.At the same time, Boeing aircraft non only suit the demands of European countries but as well saves a large amount of maintenance and the costs of repair and staff employment. B. High strength in staff work Employees efficiency at Ryanair is relatively higher(prenominal) than those at other airlines. For example, at Ryanair, an air master of ceremoniesess is responsible for service on the plane and for cleaning as well. Productiv e-based remuneration system is widely applied in Ryanair. It consists of the soma of on-board sales of products on the flight and their working hours.To arouse extravagance and initiative among staff, Ryanair distributes companys stock as dividend and rewards. C. Masterful growth of second-level airport resources In most European areas, use of second-tier airports is very low. Therefore, to rising the usage ratio and boost economic improvement, local governments use up offered nigh favorable policies. Based on Ryanairs large volume of passenger dealing and its rapid growth, Ryanair obtained great contracts and even some subsidies from local areas, tip to a decrease in airport regain fees. D.Taking advantage of the net profit To save agency commission fees and simplify the purchasing process, Ryanair set up online reservations and spent a large amount of money on promoting online writ of execution widely. The Skylight system offers a plan for Internet users to book and backup up their ticket through Ryanairs website promptly. Consequently, its Internet operation has world-shattering move to reach 99% of ticket sales. E. Reducing expenses and making profits from other aspects Ryanair no longer provides quit meals, and Ryanair cancelled first and business classes to offer more seats.Apart from this, Ryanair limits weight of luggage to decrease force out consumption. During the entire operation process, Ryanair always puts cost decreases in first place, and also attempt to try on a way to earn more money. For instance, Ryanair supplies different kinds of products and services including food, as well as information in wrong of taxi and hotel meshing for passengers. Simultaneously, the advertisements for colorful Ryanair aircraft and websites for other companies offer major sources of revenue. F.Unique integrated culture Ryanairs headquarter was built in a rural area at a small location in Ireland. In the mystifyning, the entire company comp rised only eight administrative workers. At times, the firms CEO and discussion section managers would help customers check in and even load and upload their baggage. all(prenominal) Thursday the company would hold football matches between various company departments. The corporate culture creates a harmonious work environment and makes a success of the business. 3. Strategic analysis The Chinese market is new for Ryanair.There is no denying that the Chinese market has its own unique slipistics. To enter the Chinese market, it is peremptory that Ryanair have a deep understanding of the external environment. Similarly, Ryanair should grasp if the innate environment is right or detrimental to Ryanair. tho in this way, will Ryanair be able to exploit its own strong points to fulfill its tellingness and avoid some influences that may give rise to defraudcomings. Meanwhile, environmental analysis offers a determinant itemor to establish specific strategies. The hobby stairs m ight be interpreted. . 1 External environment PESTEL analysis Johnson pointed out the PESTEL framework as an effective tool for analyzing the macro-environment. Moreover, it helps the company to know what is handout on outside the organization and how external instruments are comparablely to change in the future. PESTEL refers to six points semipolitical, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal (Johnson, 2008). It is clear that this framework includes all external aspects. Through this framework, Ryanair could get a better understand of the unfamiliar with(predicate) Chinese market.Then, on the basis of this, Ryanair could carry out accurate methods that are suitable for Chinese customers. 3. 1. 1 Political issues The political point is relate to political and state systems, policies and regulations. Aviation is an industry that is very huffy to political changes. In the meantime, aviation is strictly regulated by government. Chinese aviation started late, i n that respectfore its laws and regulations have several shortcomings. With the gradual deepening of its economic reforms in recent years, the Civil Aviation political science of china opened the opening for non-state owned enterprises in 2004.After that, a series of loosening policies regarding airline routes have been put forward to provide more chances for low-cost carriers. Up through late 2007, the Chinese government concluded 110 bilateral agreements with international states (The Report of Chinese Aviation, 2008). On the one hand, this move indicated that the Chinese aviation industry was at the international stage to seek further development. On the other hand, it message that the Chinese market relaxed rules on immaterial possession of airline. Through corporation, the monopoly concerning a reservation in furnish price, maintenance fees or tickets would be broken up.In addition, there has been a dramatic increase in office resources. As of 2007, Chinese aviation ru n throughed the Reduced tumid Separation Minimum (RVSM) cruising altitude between 8,400 meters and 12,500 meters. RVSM went up from 7 to 13. This implied that space environment would be optimized and flights would be unobstructed. beyond a new regulation applied regarding airline tickets in 2004, the Chinese government gradually relaxed price control. The measure was of immense significance in long-term development of airlines. 3. 1. 2 EconomicIn 2009, the financial crisis swept through the global, and the world economy has been greatly affected by it. However, even under this circumstance, the Chinese GDP was 33. 5 million yuan, up by 8. 7 percent over the previous year. financial revenues reached 6. 85 trillion yuan, an increase of 11. 7 percent (Report of the Work of the administration 2010). Constant economic growth provides an attractive environment for aviation industry. The following table indicates the development of civil aviation in recent years Tab1e 1 The Development of Civil Aviation in Recent YearsYear point 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Length of Transport Routes (10 000 km) 204. 94 199. 85 211. 35 234. 30 246. 18 Total passengers Traffic (10,000 persons) 12,123 13,827 15,968 18,576 19,251 Total Passage-Kilometers (100 million passenger-km) 1,782. 3 2,044. 9 2,370. 7 2,791. 7 2,882. 8 Sources from China Statistic Yearbook 2009 As can be seen from Table 1, Chinese civil aviation has maintained a sustained, rapid and sound development. Moreover, the rise in the value of RMB will work to the advantage of aviation.It contributed to cutting down the cost of crude oil import. To some extent, airlines could benefit from it and improve profitability. The financial crisis had a noticeable impact on the fuel market, which is the lifeline of aviation. As a whole, the global fuel price market decreased from $80 per barrel to $74. 07 per barrel. Whereas, in view of the Chinese fuel market monopolized by China National Aviation Fuel and high demand in the do mestic market, Chinese fuel prices ran counter to the international situation and had an upward tendency.Hence, this is a large-than-life challenge for airlines (Hu,2010). 3. 1. 3 Social Since the dupeion of reform and opening policies, China has made headway socially and demographically. In the first place, Chinese pecks living standards have greatly improved. The annual per capita disposable income and annual per capita consumption expenditure of urban households have seen a dramatic increase to reach 15,781 yuan, 11,243 yuan, singly. After 30 years of arduous efforts, the excessive population growth has been brought under effective control.Furthermore, Chinas population has basically accomplished the change-over to the population counter pattern characterized by low-birth rate, death rate and growth. Based on statistics provided by the State Statistical Bureau, by 2008, China had a population of 1. 3 billion. In the second place, residence, get offation and communication, as well as recreation, fosterage and culture contributed to the advance of the continuous growth of domestic consumption. Take 2006 as an example, the annual per capita living expenses of urban residents was 59,370. 3 billion yuan.In comparison with uttermost(a) year, carry-over and communication rose by 13. 8%, and the other two items went up by 10. 8%. The major factor that ca apply the results above was due to changes of the social-cultural environment. Thus, peoples lifestyles, including transportation and travel choices have changed subsequently. In recent years, the rate of tourism had an upward tendency, climbing from 26% in 2001 to 36. 7% in 2007 throughout the whole air transportation market. Moreover, the number of self-funded travelers accounted for 50. 7% in the tourism industry (China Statistical Yearbook, 2009).Last but not least, with culmination alliances of educational institutions between different nations, the quantity of students who study abroad is increa sing year by year. In particular, through a ten-year development period, the number of students in 2008 was ten times higher than that in 1998 it reached 179,800 persons. 3. 1. 4 engineering first of all, we can acknowledge that advanced technology has resulted in cost reductions for airlines. As a result, as the most famed civil aircraft manufacturing companies in the world, Boeing and Airbus continually issue new economical and practical aircraft, like the Boeing 777 series and Airbus A380.Secondly, simplifying the business program(StB)was proposed by International Air Transport Association in 2004. It is a new approach that suffers to reduce airline expenses and offer better services for passengers. The StB program compromises five parts bar-coded boarding passes (BCBP), IATA e-freight, IATA e-services, the Baggage Improvement architectural plan and the Fast Travel Program. With the aid of the StB Program, airlines can sell tickets by lead trade and vending machine or booki ng tickets via the Internet, mobile phones and land lines.Since 2006, e-ticketing has been implemented widely in the domestic market and is up to 100%. It was estimated that, after implementing e-tickets, the cost of each ticket would decrease by two-thirds, and there is no denying that this measure would bring huge potentials regarding a decrease in operation expense for airlines(Wu,2007) Thirdly, with the rapid improvement of air-traffic management and overall industrial technology and equipment levels, the function rate of national airspace resources had a significant rise.In the meantime, increased numbers of aircraft have driven the development of the aircraft maintenance market, extending the utilizable life of civil planes, which endure 2530 years. Lastly, along with the expeditious development of civil airlines, the supply and demand of pilots in the transport market is increasingly prominent. With regard to training and recruiting pilots, there is fierce competitor betw een new airlines and subsisting airlines. As an administrative department, the Civil Aviation Administration of China is cautious about turnover as to pilots.To a great extent, the liberalization of rules pertaining to pilots is still restricted by laws and regulations, thereby hindering long-term development of new airlines (Fang, 2009) 3. 1. 5 Environment In contemporary society, gentle beings have gradually raised their awareness of saving resources and protecting the environment. Hence, consumers are willing to back no-frill, low-cost carriers. Analysis of the low-cost carrier market in China and the Investment Advisory Report, 20062007, showed that 79% of customers would accept products provided by low cost airlines.Next, in 2012, the European Union will begin to charge for carbon emission. Obviously, it is not good for high-speed growth but imperfect Chinese aviation. In spite of China vigorously get-up-and-go forward energy conservation and greenhouse gas emissions reduct ion, nevertheless, under the current technology and situation, to reduce greenhouse gas emission, it must depend on technology rather than fuel decreases. Because of insufficiency or drawbacks of relevant laws and regulations, at present, China has not formulated a relevant insurance in terms of charging carbon emissions.This contributes to more and more foreign airlines paying more attention to the Chinese aviation market of the future (Li, 2010) Finally, through decades of operation and development, Chinese airports have begun to take shape. By 2008, China had 152 civil airports. Beyond that, passenger traffic and freight traffic achieved great performances 19,251,000 persons and 4,076,376, tons respectively (The Year book of China, 2009). Currently China is speeding the construction pace. The Civil Aviation Administration of China has announced that by 2020, China will set up more than 97 airports.By then, 80% of the area will be covered, so that 82% of the total population would enjoy airline service (Tan, 2003) 3. 1. 6 Legal Although world aviation has become wired, foreign airlines that would like to enter and operate in China also flavor a great many delicateies in the aspects of market and technology and, especially, laws and regulations. For instance, concord to the General Administration of Civil Aviation Law of China, Article 177 states that it does not allow transportation between any two points in the areas of China for foreign airlines.Besides, foreign airlines timetables and flight plans must report to relevant aviation departments in a timely fashion. To some extent, it undoubtedly becomes an obstacle to free development in aviation. In addition, lack of relative facilities results from the immature overture of aviation in China. Like most cities having only one main airport, the construction of a secondary airport still get offs far short of needs of modern aviation. Consequently, this is a big problem that should not be ignored by foreig n airlines. 3. 2 Internal environment SWOT analysisSWOT was first put forward by Albert Humphrey in the mid-sixties and mainly deals with an enterprises internal environmental analysis. It is the method that is used for arriving at deep and comprehensive understanding of a companys own strategic competence, as well as a business environment before the company works out the adaptation strategy in the new circumstances. SWOT refers to strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. Among these four aspects, ST focuses on company, while OT pays more attention to relevant competitors effects.By applying this, the enterprise could realize what factors are beneficial to it and then carry forward them in the future. Meanwhile, the organization should find some constituteing serious problems that would have adverse influence on further development. Then, it should find a solution to the problems or try to avoid them in practice. By this method, the company could make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages so as to attain sustainable development (Johnson, et al. ,2008) The following picture shows a summary in respect of Ryanairs SWOT analysis Table 2 Ryanairs SWOT AnalysisStrength 1. Powerful brand support2. Low fares3. Low operation cost and high ancillary incomes4. High efficiency, flexible operation Weakness 1. Service quality decrease2. Regulation restrictions3. Changes of charges have great impact on Ryanair4. Limited niche market Opportunities 1. Tremendous civil market potentials2. Economic downturn3. Ambitious expansion Threats 1. High-speed development of other substitutes2. maddened competition and pressure from other civil airlines3. Excessively depends on one thousand fuel market and low price 3. 2. 1 StrengthsAfter 20 years of arduous efforts, Ryanair has already built up an enterprise image and employ the brand with its own characteristic in the European LCC market. The Economist magazine called it the best airline which could earn a lar ge amount of money. smother Street Daily considered Ryanairs stock as the most popular and the most valuable to purchase (Wang, 2008) It has made marked achievements in every respect, as can be seen from the table below in terms of general accomplishments Table 3 Highlights of Ryanairs Finances Key items 2010 2009 changeOperating revenue 2,988. 1 2,942. 0 +2% Net profit /(loss) after tax 305. 3 (169. 2) +280% Scheduled passengers 66. 5m 58. 6m +14% Fleet at period end 232 181 +28% Average number of employees 7,032 6,369 +10% adapted from Ryanair Annual report 2010 Since its establishment until now, Ryanair has always persisted in the philosophy of business Let more and more customers enjoy low fare, even for free. A survey of different airlines and their fares follows Figure 1 Comparison of average fares of four airlines. Source Ryanair Annual Report 2010.Ryanair can in fact issue tickets much cheaper than other airlines. Thats the reason why the total Ryanair scheduled passen gers came out to 66. 5 million. With such cheap fares, Ryanair can still make profits. The reason is attributed to an fierceness on minimizing operations costs, which includes aircraft purchasing, daily maintenance and pickaxe of airports, online booking and personnel expense. Apart from these, Ryanair tries to earn more from ancillary service while reducing costs. For example, customers could book cars or hotels, and even some low fare tickets of concerns from Ryanairs websites well.Besides, Ryanair is considered a conspicuous billboard as its aircrafts and even its trays are fully sprayed with different companies advertisements. This action brings about considerable income to Ryanair. In 2010, the advertising income reached 663. 6million. Definitely, a highly productive work force also plays a pivotal role in the way to success. It is reported that each Ryanairs emplyee can serve 9,457 passengers per year. To mobilize the enthusiasm of employees, Ryanair brought out air bonuse s and participation in Ryanairs valuable option project (Ryan air Annual Report 2010). 3. . 2 Weaknesses Due to reduction in Ryanairs various operation expenses, a variety of free services have been cancelled. At present, customers must pay to use the toilet. Therefore, more limitations are sure to follow, service quality decrease and then, increasingly, customer complaints. The most serious invalidating issue has been the severe criticism continually released by the news media, and it has harmed the companys overall image and interest. Ryanairs target market mainly focuses on leisure-travel customers and short point-to-point routes. Although it does not have higher standards of ervice, Ryanair is extremely sensitive to price. That is to say, once Ryanair raises prices slightly, it will lose lots of customers. Nevertheless, as the companys scale is constantly enlalrging, costs will go up proportionately. Therefore, exceptional niche market and increasing cost are not benignant fo r further expansion of the company. Currently, Ryanair confronts a tough situation, which involves how to balance the companys benefits and customers requirements appropriately. In spite of Chinese aviation advocates reform and trigger, China is not completely wide open to foreign airlines.Local laws and regulation restrictions are not conducive to Ryanairs entry. 3. 2. 3 Opportunities Compared with advanced countries, although China aviation is advancing rapidly, it still has plenty of drawbacks, particularly in the low-cost carrier area. 2008 Chinese Aviation Report implied that China has a huge market with big potential and wide prospects in civil aviation. However, nowadays, there is only one small-scale, low-cost airline, Spring Airline, in Chinas domestic market. Apparently, existing fleets and routes are difficult to satisfy a increase of domestic demand.Ryanairs entry will fill the low-cost carrier vacancy. Moreover, it has been proved that low-cost carriers can benefit dur ing economic downturn(Kerpen, 2004). lobal recession leads to a sharp fall in public income. Therefore, the public turns to low fares to reduce expenses. A host of customers would rather take up Ryanair, which does not have free services, than general flagship airlines that offer higher standards of service. Apparently, the economic slump brings infinite business chances and generous profits for Ryanair. Ryanair is planing to enlarge its fleet to acquire 200300 planes by 2016.Due to absolute majority buying, Boeing and Airbus quote Ryanair the most favourable prices to acquire such big orders. In that case, it not only saves costs but also offers sufficient property to invest in overseas markets. Ryanairs ambitious expansion could come true in the near future. 3. 2. 4 Threats Rapid development of Chinese railways and highways in recent years should be a concern for air carriers. Ever since the transportation industry has advanced steadily, railways and highways have held leading positions. Because civil aviation is give in to its own conditions, in freight traffic, t had a very big lead compared with railways and highways. This is shown in the table below Table 4 Key Statistics Comparision between Railways, Highways and Civil Aviation Items Year Passenger Traffic (10,000 persons) Passenger-Kilometers (100million passenger-km) Freight Traffic (10,000 tons) Railways 2006 125,656 6,622. 1 288,224 2007 135,670 7,216. 3 314,237 2008 146,193 7,778. 6 330,354 Highways 2006 1860,487 10,130. 8 1,466,347 2007 2,050,680 11,506. 8 1,639,432 2008 2,682,114 12,476. 1 1,916,759 Civil Aviation 2006 15,968 2,370. 349. 4 2007 18,576 2,791. 7 401. 8 2008 19251 2,882. 8 407. 6 Adapt from Chinese Statistic Yearbook 2009 As shown in the diagram, from 2006 to 2009, people would rather choose railways and highways than civil aviation. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the statistics of railways and highways far fade that of civil aviation. In 2002, civil aviation was recon structed and reorganized. From then on, competition through ternary airline groups involving Air China, China Southern Airlines and China Eastern Airlines has taken shape in the civil aviation market.The three airlines have the market share for 80% in China. There is no denying that these three airlines groups pose a huge threat to Ryanair. They would take full advantage of their own strengths to freeze out new competitors. More importantly, Ryanair is famous for its low fares. Jet fuel is a major component of Ryanairs operations costs. However, as cost of jet fuel has risen, Ryanairs ticket prices have spiraled up to match them. Therefore, this action is directly opposite to the aim of the company. Ryanair would lost a large number of customers because of its relative high fare compared with privious price. . 3 Summary As discussed in the PESTEL and SWOT analyses above, as a whole, the external environment is conducive to Ryanairs entry and development in China, specifically, the attractive points were policy relaxation to foreign airlines and high demand for low-fare carriers. However, Ryanair would have to pay more attention to techniques and legal restrictions in certain aspects. lonesome(prenominal) after analysing the external environment objectively will Ryanair enter the Chinese market smoothly. In the meantime, the internal environment is equally fundamental.After placing more violence on understanding the other airlines and Ryanair itself, then it will be able to fight a hundred battles without danger of defeat as the result of wise decision making and strategic adjustments in a short time. 4. Business strategy 4. 1 Entry mode strategy 4. 1. 1 Potential problems Given that aviation is a sensitive industry, there is no doubt that Ryanair will impudence some tough problems that could interfere with its entry plans or progress. In particular, the Chinese government puts up all sorts of obstacles, and these factors are concretely revealed by the foll owing.The first obstacle is the imposition of restrictions on put ticket prices. Civil aviation-transport price reforms state that on the basis of bench mark prices, airlines may set a price which increases 25% and decreases no more than 45% (Wu, 2007). Compared to the previous rule, the government has relaxed controls on prices. Nevertheless, it is still hard to satisfy the requirements of low-cost carriers, which rely on low fares to gain a larger share of the market. The second obstacle is the control of air-route management rights. So far, there are 115 airports which are completely open.Airlines could freely arrange air route entry and quit based on actual market demands by themselves. However, these airports handling capacities are relatively small and the low-cost carriers self-potential is subject to it. The last obstacle is the monopoly pattern in civil aviation. At present, Air China, China Southern Airlines and China Eastern Airlines have become three powers of civil avi ation. At times, the three-airline group launches its own low-cost tickets in order to develop market share. Ultimately, their positions in the domestic market are strengthened.As a new entrant to the Chinese market, the three-airline groups low-cost strategy will negatively affect Ryanair. 4. 1. 2 stem Joint Ventures As stated above, the way to enter a new market is not completely clear for new entrants. To avoid some unpreditable factors that would arise in the Chinese market and to lower risks attributed to lack of knowledge regarding market information or market situations, joint ventures are the most convenient and effective solution for Ryanair, especially a minority joint venture. 4. 1. 2. 1 Brief introduction to joint venturesA joint venture is a corporate child that is a new entity given birth and jointly owned by two or more parent companies. (Peng, 2009)Generally, this is a common measure for new entrants to enter unfamiliar environments. That is to say, that Ryanair sh ould seek other partners in the Chinese market. Two parties hold different proportions of equity and also share investment, management, risks and responsibility for profits or losses. At the beginning, owing to the fact that Ryanair stands at a disadvantage, it is imperative that gaining support from domestic firms make up the shortage of funds and resources.From all of the above, this measure is acceptable and advocated by local authorities, and they will even offer a preferential policy in the developing aviation industry. Yet it is certain that there will exist some drawbacks during the application of joint ventures. On the one hand, because of differences in circumstance and corporate culture, a new company will be easily split on objectives and interests and even conflicts. On the other hand, sometimes both(prenominal) paties cannot reach a consensus in regard to equity tryst and useable control.At the end, it is often hard to coordinate globally on account of close-fittin g controls on a foreign subsidiary (Peng,2009). 4. 1. 2. 2 Partner China Southern Airlines Based on an overrall consideration of various factors, Ryanair decided to choose China Southern Airlines as its partner. The following paragraphs show reasons why Ryanair mades the decision. First, highlights of China Southern Airlines follow. Its headquarter is in Guangzhou. The company is made up of 13 branches and 5 subsidiaries throughout China.Futhermore, China Southern Airlines has set up two bases in Shanghai and Xian, and it also owns 54 foreign agencies abroad. China Southern Airlines possesses the highest number of aircraft, 400, the most advanced air route network and the biggest passenger traffic that up to 66,280,000 persons. At present, with Guangzhou and Beijing as major hubs, their air route networks and ranges of business have spread throughout the main cities in the world. In 2008, China Southern Airlines was honoured with flight safety five stars by the Civil Aviation Admini stration of China. Now it still keeps the longest safety records.China Southern Airlines always insists on Safety First Principle On the premise of safety, the firm constantly brings forth management level and technology innovation to improve its strength and international competitiveness. China Southern Airlines is the only airline that fosters pilots independently. Second, in some ways China Southern Airlines and Ryanair are complementary, ultimately accomplishing a win-win situation. For China Southern Airlines, in spite of the fact that it plays an unexpendable position in domestic aviation, the pattern of company management still has gaps compared to other European airlines.By joining Ryanair, China Southern Airlines not only brings fresh blood but also receives advanced management patterning. China Southern Airlines can absorb Ryanairs rich experience regarding corporate governance and human resoure management to achieve rational resource allocation and high employee efficie ncy. In the meantime, China Southern Airlines business covers the whole country, and transport capacity cannot suit domestic markets demands. Ryanairs entry could lighten its burden in some air routes. More importantly, China Southern Airlines has lost in terms of international air routes in recent years.Whilst Ryanair is the pioneer in the low-cost area in Europe. By means of Ryanairs influence, China Southern Airlines could regulate tactics in Europe and make profits. Similarly, Ryanair can benefit from cooperating with China Southern Airlines. First and foremost, due to application of the joint venture, this it way complies with legal requirements, thereby lessen entry resistance from the government to a great extent. Then Ryanair could develop smoothly regardless of culture or language differences under China Southern Airlines strong brand support and resouce sharing.At last, China Southern Airlines will offer the permission of using its bases and airports and pilots to Ryanair . This measure will reduce the perplexity caused by the shortage of resources. This is the only way that lowers Ryanairs operation costs and carries on its low-fare business in China. 4. 2 Market Targeting Strategy When it comes to the target clients of low-fare carrier service, it mainly focuses on the special group that is characterized by high sensitivity to fare, high-price elasticity and price factor as their first consideration.Southwest Airlines was awared of the important competitors of airlines are highways and railways. Generally, in short air routes, customers are sensitive to price. Because of short flight time, they do not require high-standard services. As a result, it is difficult to capture more customers through service differentiation. With regard to how to choose a target market accurately, there are three elements to be taken into consideration First, price factor. Customers who prefer low-cost carriers are distributed into three classes.Initially, self-funded travellers. In general, tourists are customers who visit families and friends in their schedule in advance. They pay attention to low fares rather than immediacy to save travel expenditures. Next, the main character of this group is time flexibility. Finally, general business customers. Due to high air-ticket prices, sometimes they are restricted by unit to take planes. Once low fare are implemented, there is no significant distance between air tickets and train tickets, and they will welcome low-fare air tickets.Another thing is the continuance of flight time. In the present situation of the aviation market, the majority of flights take 3 hours. In order to decrease costs and raise aircraft utilization rates for low-fare carriers, 2 hours would be preferred. Humans usually select transportation like railways and highways due to cheaper prices, even if they spend a long time on the journey. Low-cost air fares not only save much time but also let more customers have access to comfor table trips and services (Olson and Peter, 2005) 4. 3 Pricing StrategyThere is no denying that low-cost strategy is the lifeblood for low-fare carriers existence. In the fierce competition of the aviation marketplace, flagship airlines launch their own ultra-low fare in the off-season. However, as flagship airlines are limited by high costs, offering low fares is only a temporary method to attract more customers. As a low-cost carrier, it is obvious that Ryanairs fare should be much lower than the level of market. Only in this way can it obtain market share and optimize itself. So how to set its ticket prices? 4. 3. 1 The level of highest priceLow-cost carriers are known for low fares, therefore their highest prices cannot go beyond the full price of economy class of flagship airlines. If the price is rather low, it will affect the companys profits. On the contrary, high price does not conform to the firms low-fare tenet. 4. 3. 2 The level of lowest price In China, owing to price c ontrol from the government, Ryanair could not implement its bottom-line price strategy. Hence, on the basis of regulation, Ryanair could properly provide two-thirds low fare tickets in every flight to draw customers.After the company develops and reaches the maturity stage, it could gradually reduce low-fare tickets proportionally. 4. 3. 3 The level of average price On the one hand, the average price must be higher than the average cost to guarantee the firms normal operations and profits, ultimately, fulfilling Ryanairs sustainable development and expansion. On the other hand, the low-cost carriers average price should be markedly lower than he average price of flagship airlines to win stable and long-term customers and capture a market share.Through obtain pricing, althought Ryanairs air tickets are low, it could increase the passenger load factor to improve profitability in every flight. 4. 3. 4 Price choice on peak- season and off-season In peak-season, like holidays or festiva ls, Ryanair could consider summit the price a little higher than usual in some special and hot routes due to high demands of these days. Likewise, in the off-season, the best way to stimulate customers consumption is to provide more low-fare tickets widely (Goddard, et al. ,2005) 4. 4 Marketing Strategy 4. 4. 1 Cooperation with mass commuicationAt the beginning of its China venture, Ryanair could take full advantage of its own aircraft to advertise for other companies through charging for advertisement fees. They could then spend this income on creating advertising compaigns for its low fare by means of newspapers, magazines, and television. Through a lot of press publicity, more and more people would be interested in this new thing. Moreover, people would be willing to get more information about low-cost carrier and they would like to enjoy so cheap price. At that moment, Ryanair could launch some promotion plans to stimulate customer interest. . 4. 2 Cooperation with local author ities Low fares are the lifeline of Ryanair, without this advantage, it is impossible to compete with other airines. So enhancing cooperation with local authorities is necessary. As a matter of fact, current price control policy makes it difficult to meet the competitive markets needs. Indeed, Ryanair should set a good example to abide by regulations, and then lead by example against unfair competition. Once having set up a good relationship with local authorities, Ryanair can obtain more benefits like use of second-level airports at very reasonable prices. . 4. 3 Cooperation with China Southern Airlines For Ryanair, air route selection and pilot demands are two main operation issues. With the help of China Southern Airlines, Ryanair can apply for the hottest tourism routes to carry out point-to-point flights. When the market turns to off-season, Ryanair should timely change its route to some undertake flights. For instance, these years personnel, economic and cultural exchanges ac ross the Taiwan Straits have kept increasing. Therefore, setting up regular air service in this route would satisfy demand growth.In the meantime, Ryanair uses single type aircraft, so it can share pilots and aircraft maintenance expense with China Southern Airlines, and this leads to cost decline. Finally, Ryanair could really implement its low fare and foster a good and florid company image. Whats more, in order to avoid heavy traffic at hub airports, Ryanair could widely increase the second-level airport utilization rate of China Southern Airlines. This would result in punctual rates and leave a good impression on the customers. Besides, China Southern Airlines also provides Ryanair with its sselling platform online booking or using agencies all over the country. . 5 Summary To sum up, before Ryanair decides to enter the Chinese market, it should anticipate some problems that may happen during the process. Then, based on an overall consideration of various factors, Ryanair shoul d plan to invest in the form of a joint venture with China Southern Airlines. The next footmark wold be Ryanairs market targeting emphasis on self-funded travellers, customers who would like to visit families or friends and general business customers. At the same time, flight time should take two hours. Ryanair must keep an eye on this groups customerss demands.After that, it should look to the high level, the low level, average level and different period price principles to set up flexible and appropriate air-ticket prices. As to marketing, Ryan air should coordinate the relationship with mass commuication, local authorities and China Southern Airlines. Only cartel the strategies listed above can Ryanair achieve global optimization and obtain long term development. 5. Conclusion The entry into the Chinese market is an essential step of Ryanairs expansion plan outside Europe.In this way, it is inevitable that Ryanair will face a rare chance for development as well as tough challen ges. Therefore, this paper firstly summarized Ryanairs own competitive advantages and showed why Ryanair possessed the capability to extend its low-cost business in China. On the basis of this, Ryanair must have a profound and thorough understanding of the new market, for instance current policies and laws of aviation, Chinese customers consumption concepts and behaviours, and the differences between China and other European markets.Hence, the next section objectively amplified on the internal and external environments with SWOT and PESTEL analyses. On the whole, although in some aspects Ryanair is still subject to Chinese aviation regulations and laws, owing to the fact that aviation develops at high speed and given the domestic markets huge demand, the Chinese aviation environment is suitable for low-cost airlines existence and advancement. In accordance with the environmental analyses, specific business strategies to enter China are proposed.At first, Ryanair should adopt a joint venture to cooperate with China Southern Airline. Only in this way can it reduce entry risks and restrictions from the government. Then, on that premise, Ryanair should set up a market target strategy, pricing strategy and marketing strategy in detail. Ultimately, Ryanair will fulfill its purpose of entering Chinese aviation smoothly and achieving success there. In this study, there still exists a problem to be considered