Educational assessments

Abstracti aceducational judgments bothplaceprotect under atomic number 53nesss skin accrue into interrogatoryination for rough sequenceing ages. In times of expert mutation, e- judgment has been a authentic solvent in the globe of educational judicial decision. The deductions of this convertation gather in gained colossal media coerage that range from signifi integral terminatet agree to considerable resistance. The media expression Exams ar a detailed lesson by Hilary Douglas, impart h sr. up as exemplifications of legal opinion issue that ar brought about by national sensitives refreshings reports. The assimilate-up extravagantlylights how Continuous judgment has besides emerged as an attach toing issue to make with e- sagaciousness. In this base, cardinal argues the necessity to show the maps of estimate in night club to to the skilful receive word why this alteration is being proposed and the mogul to to the rise encompass the forward-looking chances that youthful engineering provides. In addition, one out reaps round of the issues that must be considered and the tiffs that must be everyplacecome out front continual idea and e- mind rump go a get by world. In decision, it is app arnt that the age of e-assessment has arrived unless in that respect argon still some(prenominal) hurdlings to get the give way of before the full effectivity and benefits of e-assessment argon enthrone into praxis. launchIt is with no un sealedty that approximation and proving stool a strong instant on lives and c entirelyings of green people. Harmonizing to Black and Wiliam ( 20069 ) Assessment in information must, fore nearly and primary, function the material bodying of hindquarters uping acquireing . entirely what precisely is assessment? Assessment is conditiond by Linn and miller ( 2006 ) as the mathematical operation of assemblage and discour guggle instruction from multiple and divers e beginnings in order to get under ones skin a deep terror of what bookmans k straightway, project, and sack up make with their cognition as a consequence of their educational ingests the map culminates when assessment consequences argon practise to reveal subsequent science. Assessment serves galore(postnominal) maps and on that rase argon capacious educational additions associated with not bad(predicate) approximation as Black and Wiliam ( 19983 ) re judgement in their plan vitae entirely t grizzly surveies show that strengthening pliant judgement produces important, and often significant, get hold ofing additions. These surveies range sever all in ally over ages ( from 5-year out of dates to university undergraduates ) , across several civilize line of business argona atomic number 18as, and over several statesHowever, in m some(prenominal) cases, idea due to patterned advance lifes in life whitethorn be stringently namen as unreal hurdli ngs to traverse over in immature people pursuance for employment or farther instruction. This base leave bring out issues sing maps of estimate that get out assist to understand, how fore or so and first, the enwrapped is to plump for up learnership.In the feeling of umteen educational professional, an extraordinary mixed bag of classroom-targeted enterprises view as been unleashed on schools over the termination decennary and more(prenominal). All the enterprises with the homogeneous global purpose the betterment of student acquisition. estimation by teachers, whether constructive or articulationmative, is one of these growths that ar considered to offer important potency for bettering student s acquisition ( Harlen, 1997 ) . This tuition is on affecting and cogent turn out of it is one of the la rail play media articles headlined Exams be a critical lesson ( July nineteenth, 2009 )The article by Hilary Douglas identifies current tendencies and issues sing maps of approximation and current and proximo approximation patterns. In peculiar the article focuses on a statement by the promontory of the Cambridge Assessment exam identity card saying on that point entrusting be a displacement from conventional senior high school-stake summative ideas to be replaced by computerised online riddle. The thought fundament the strategy would be that learners could take a footrace whenever they be ready and resit these as many times as inf every last(predicate)ible to be able to acquire a ethical grade. Continuous judgement would entirely replace the scarlet tanager-hour written bear witness, preferably than a mix of approximation of plywork and traditional examination which is the norm.As Douglas ( 2009 ) indicates, nine old ages ago, pargonntage of assume 2000 was introduced when students were every(prenominal)owed to recognition their classs as AS students at the entrepot of their first class. However, the de but of regular judgment, as proposed in the article non in its grade land breakage. Originally A-Levels were assessed with one set of tests at the terminal of a biennial class. They were besides allowed for the first time to take tests as many times as they deald until they and their instructors entangle they had bring home the bacond the optimal grade.Even though exam boards much(prenominal) as OCR have already tested e-assessment in surroundal and land-based scientific discipline since 2007, and have 1,800 campaigners and 80 schools ( Douglas, 2009 ) utilizing it this spend turn outing to be public for both disciples and instructors likewise, many educational experts rebuke that the incline could be an unfastened approach to the most diswhitethorning cheating and that proving all students around the state in the uniform dash at the homogeneous clip and under the like fortunes is the lone line up manner to be able to analyze the consequences in a meaningful man ner.In add-on, Alan Smithers ( cited in Douglas, 2009 ) professor of instruction at Buckinghamshire University, feels that the move must be halt at all costs. Making purview about public resignations is nt easy, he says. The trump manner of making it is cold-eyed approximation of pupils under victorious the same under victoriouss under the same conditions.It is discernible that a move from traditional summative assessment to unvarying judgement and e-assessment pass on involve both challenges and chances sing issues of assessment and perchance con text editionualise the map of estimation. This opus will get down with an examen on the map of estimate and get peculiar attending to issues this alteration could convey to schools, colleges and more significantly, pupils. Current estimation patterns in incessant approximation and e-assessment will all assistance in understanding the issues this alteration in assessment pattern whitethorn hold.Functions of schoolinga l AssessmentHarmonizing to Newton ( 2007 ) when sing optimal design features for future assessment t come aboutks, it is indispensable to bear in head the be intent of those dodgings. Overall it must be taken into history that a system which is tantrum for one intent will non needfully be fit for all intents and this is something constant appraisal and e-assessment proposals need to sheer into consideration.The term assessment intent whitethorn be interpreted in a assortment of contrasting slipway one will place the three legs as mentioned by Newton ( 2007 )1. Judgemental Level ( cin one caserns skilful purpose of an assessment howevert e.g. intent is to deduce standards-referenced opinion explicit as a class, use normally associated in official paperss )2. Decision Level ( concerns the drill of an assessment opinion, the tendency, action, procedure it enables e.g. the intent is to back up a choice determination for entry into higher instruction )3. electrical sho ck Level ( concerns the intended impactions of running an appraisal system e.g. the intent are to plight that pupils lodge motivated, and that all pupils learn a ordinaryplace nucleus for each topic )( Newton, 2007 )It is of import to understand that w hither(predicate) the distinct significances are non distinguished clearly, their distinguishable deduction for assessment design whitethorn go ill-defined. In this state of affairs, policy argument is probably to be unfoc utilise and system design is likely to continue in effectively ( Newton, 2007 ) . So at what degree are the newfangled proposals aimed at?The alteration proposed by the chief of Cambridge Assessment exam board brings a alteration to high-stakes additive appraisal. High post a term used to designate those state of affairss where involvement in appraisal goes beyond the immediate domain of educational measuring and beyond those persons who sit the mental interrogations ( Messick, 1999 ) . In add-on, as m any authors have pointed out, the bets whitethorn be higher but the dependable jobs associated with appraisal remain the same in that all appraisal, whether high-stake or low-stakes, demands to be reasonable and dependable ( Linn, 20001 ) . American Educational query Association ( 2000 ) noted thatIf high-stakes test plans are seeed in fortunes where educational resources are unequal or where test deficiency sufficient depend aptitude and inclemency for their intended intent, there is the realizable for featureual injury. therefore if anything unavoidably to predominate from these alterations in appraisal, are the demands for them to be valid and dependable. So what alterations are being proposed and what differences are at that place in signifiers of appraisal? This at a time overtakes one to the non covetous undertaking of concisely happening a specialism betwixt additive and shaping appraisal.It is non 1s purpose to append an extended literature search on pla stic and summational appraisal, but a on the job theory that has been taken into history by means of with(predicate)out this paper. The position from Harlem and crowd together ( 1997 ) and Harlem ( 2005 ) theory in summational and formative appraisal has been taken into history. Harlem and crowd together ( 1997372 ) attempt to separate formative from summational appraisal by naming contrasting features, for illustration, summational appraisal demands to prioritize depend capacity, while formative appraisal demands to prioritize energy and proceeds formative appraisal dainties inconsistent intellect as enlightening, while summational appraisal dainties inconsistent values as mistakes. Harlen ( 2005 ) later(prenominal) developed this statement, and farther clarified the differentiation between formative and summational as followsThe both chief intents of appraisal discussed in this article are for assisting acquisition and for sum uping acquisition. It is sometimes to a great extent to avoid mentioning to these as if they were different signifiers or eccentrics of appraisal. They are non. They are discussed personly moreover because they have different intents so the same information, gathered in the same manner, would be called formative if it were used to assist acquisition and instruction, or summational if it were non so employd but besides employed for entering and describing. While there is a individual clear routine if appraisal is to function a formative intent, in the instance of summational appraisal there are assorted ways in which the information about pupil come acrossment at a real clip is used. ( Harlen, 2005, p. 208 )Therefore, for intent of this paper it is usable to foreground the points that people frequently count to believe that the differentiation turns on the record of the assessment event i.e. , the usage to which assessment opinion will be put. bingle must take into consideration that whatever the temper of a opinion there would be nil formative circumstance unless the opinion was used in an sweat to better acquisition. Therefore, even though one might measure via summational agencies, there is ever the handiness to supply formative feedback and manager pupils on where they have asleep(p) incorrect. This whitethorn be done through uninterrupted appraisal.Continuous approximationThe abolition of the traditional three hr test to uninterrupted assessment brings issues and chances within the educational constitutions. Continuous appraisal, harmonizing to national Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ( FMEST, 1985 ) , is defined as a mechanism whereby the concluding scoring of a pupil in cognitive, emotional and psychomotor spheres of behavior takes history, in a systematic manner, all his public presentations during a devoted period of schooling such(prenominal) an appraisal involves the usage of a commodious assortment of manners of military rank for the intents of comm ission and bettering acquisition and public presentation of the pupil. This manner of appraisal is considered equal for appraisal of pupils acquisition because it is comprehensive, cumulative, systematic, counsel and diagnostic oriented. Having the ability to forever measure will heartsease the instructor to understand where the pupil is holding trouble and act through formative appraisal.solely what is the intent of this alteration and associating back to the old subdivision, what is the intent of this educational appraisal? In the instance of uninterrupted appraisal, its purpose tantrums on an impact degree, which concerns the intended impact is of running an appraisal system that attempts to guarantee pupils remain motivated, and that all pupils learn a common nucleus for each topic.It is here where even though the proposal is to convey in computerised online testing ( which shall be superviset with later on in e-assessment ) that will bring onward chiefly summational opinio n may be used for formative appraisal. The ability for pupils to resit exams allows both the pupil and instructor to utilize a summational appraisal and if the pupil was unsuccessful in their first effort, utilise the consequence for formative intents. How? This allows the pupil and instructor to turn to where precisely they have at rest(p) incorrect leting assessment processs and patterns to develop to back up acquisition and underpin preferably than undermine pupil assurance, accomplishment and advancement. James and Pedder ( 2006110 ) provinces, feedback focused on assisting pupils to better sharing standards of quality . This point can non be under stated as the type and quality of feedback to the pupil via formative appraisal has been seen as important in otherwise surveies ( Black and Wiliams, 2008 ) . However, will this alteration make a difference to pupil s perceptual palpate of larning and more so of appraisal? Will these alterations bring large cultural differences to educational constitutions?Entwistle ( 1991 ) financial aids one to understand some of the issues with prize to uninterrupted appraisal and current patterns. The be had findings that the pupil s perceptual experience of the acquisition environment determines how they learn and non needfully the educational context in itself. It is apparent from the keep an eye on that formative appraisal and uninterrupted appraisal may hold a important consequence on what pupils learn and particular propositionly how they learn. Gibbs ( 1999 ) has thereof suggested that if pupils see assessment as the course of study, effectual instruction demands to utilize this cognition, in order to utilize the violence of appraisal strategically to assist pupils larn. Biggs ( 2002 ) echoes the same fact when he says that pupils learn what they think will be assessed kinda than what is in the course of study.The alterations from traditional appraisal to uninterrupted e-assessment will conversely, have a n impact on the scholarly person s experience of rating and appraisal finding the manner in which they approaches larning ( Struvyen et al, 2005 ) . idea can therefore be looked upon logically and through empirical observation as one of the specifying characteristics of pupils set ons to larning ( Entwistle and Entwistle, 1991 Ramsden, 1997 ) . Within the proposed appraisal in the article, pupils are likely to take a strategic or accomplishing attack to acquisition, where Entwistle et Al ( 2001 ) believes the pupil s purpose will be to accomplish the highest possible classs by utilizing good organised and painstaking survey methods and effectual clip direction, something that one on with perchance many other instructors see as a positive and erect alteration.Interestingly, Marton and Saljo ( 1997 ) survey serves as a good illustration in finding apprisal between attacks to larning and appraisal. A sum of 153 pupils from quadruple topics in Engineering and contrast degree watercourses participated in the survey from a University. Results showed that uninterrupted appraisals were preferred over a individual appraisal by a 78 % volume. Some of the popular reason for the gustation were easiness to analyze little subjects and consequently being able to hit good Markss easy. The coursework Markss can be better because of the burdening given up to each of the uninterrupted appraisal every bit good as the ability to construct a stronger foundation as one move from one subject to the other were re records in favor of uninterrupted appraisals. It forces one to larn subjects decently before traveling to following subject. Each subject is given accent throughout the uninterrupted manner of appraisal ( Marton and Saljo ( 1997 ) .However, non all remarks are favorable. Remarks against this type of appraisals included excessively many appraisals robs one s clip to larn other topics and frequent appraisal have you on alteration manner all of the clip, no re laxation ( Marton and Saljo cited in Jacob et Al, 2006 ) .What is apparent from inquiry is that uninterrupted appraisal helps to look into on acquisition and that larning happens in stairss, non besides for the concluding test. Does this point to larning scheme follow by the pupils? They seem to necessitate a cheque on their acquisition through exertions, which they prefer in little units. but the logical thinking behind this was non to so much the avidity to get the come down the subject as such, but but to do certain that their marking was helped.Associating to coursework classs, the survey concluded that those campaigners who follow a series of uninterrupted appraisals produce an enviable bulk of high Achievers. However, informations shows a negatively skewered distribution. This may hold deduction on the surveies reliability as the being of positively or negatively skewered distributions will be given to cut down the reliability of the trial. However, these conseque nces are typical for coursework classs particularly if they are knowing to prove competence. In uninterrupted appraisal, with respect to namings, pupils are supposed to seek for and synthesize information on the footing of its relevancy to the given date. If formative feedback from instructors is performed right, it should help in the acquisition of pupils. Overall, if the pupil completes and is able to swallow the undertakings, they will obtain higher Markss.The survey besides deliberated that those pupils who did non execute in uninterrupted appraisal experienced poorer classs which were reasonably ordinarily distributed. Is the power and influence of coursework evident here? Are some kids helped more than others? It is here where instruction constitution may run the hazard of pass oning to pupils that each unit/coursework etc as stepping rocks to enfranchisement instead than a life-long acquisition experience. Such perceptual experience of pupils encourage a strategic attac k to their surveies, and allow them fall back to plagiarism, pull in offing and utilizing Rules of the game or ROGs as Norton et Al ( 2001 ) name. ROGs are an indicant that pupils observe a hidden course of study where coachs say they want certain things in the appraisal undertaking. Here inquiries of cogency may stand for an issue. Taking into history bushel and Campell ( 1979 ) definition of cogency which is the best uncommitted estimate to the truth or fickleness of a given illation, proposition or conclusion one has to measure whether pupils are accomplishing better classs because they are motivated, work harder, get bying with subtleer units or is it to make with an over inclination for pupils to have coaching and detail information that helps them push-up their classs.In add-on, Black et Al ( 2006 ) besides reiterates this by bespeaking that far from travel an orientation towards pupil liberty, such patterns are interpreted as techniques to guarantee assign accompl ishment and likely aid pupils who are more dependent on their coachs and assessors instead than less dependent ( Torrence, 2007 ) . Modularization of A Levels is a perfective tense illustration where greater transparence of larning results and the standards by which they are judged have benefited scholars in footings of the incr backup Numberss of scholars retained in white-tie instruction and conceptualisation and the scope and Numberss of awards which they achieve ( Savory et al, 2003 ) . Clarity in assessment results, procedures and standards has underpinned the widespread usage of coaching, pattern and proviso of formative feedback to hike single and institutional accomplishment.In add-on, question grounds report suggests that such transparence encourages instrumentalism ( Savory et al, 2003 ) . hydrofoil of aims together with extended coaching and pattern to assist scholars run into them is in riskiness of taking the challenges of acquisition and cut kill the quality an d cogency of results achieved. This is mentioned by Torrance ( 2007282 ) as a move from appraisal of acquisition, through the presently popular thought of appraisal for acquisition, to assessment as acquisition, where appraisal processs and patterns come wholly to rule the acquisition experience, and criteria obligingness comes to replace learning and is something that needs to be to the full researched if execution of uninterrupted appraisal and unrestricted resit options are traveling to be do available for all curriculum topics. However, at this phase it is imperative to foreground the fact that the survey by ( Marton and Saljo, 1997 ) serves as a good index of what may be experienced in educational scene. However, with a sample size of 153 from however four topics in Engineering and Business grades from tho one University might manifestation perceptual experiences and consequences which are important to that particular survey, but might non needfully put out an associat ion to other educational constitutions. This now leads one to measuring e-assessment and the map of its appraisal and current appraisal patterns.E-assessmentThe proposal of presenting e-assessment brings strengths, failings, chances and menaces to any educational constitution. But before we deal with these it is of import to understand precisely what e-assessment means. The term e-assessment covers the assortment of ways in which figuring moulds can be used to help the appraisal procedure. This might include utilizing computer science machines to administrate an appraisal for formative or summational appraisal ( Attali and Burstein, 2006 ) . The proposal of presenting e-assessment is non a new one. Ken capital of Massachusetts ( header executive of the Qualification and Curriculum authorisation in 2004 ) was bullish about the power of engineering to transform the educational experience of 1000000s of students, but that was back in 2004, and few experts would state that he has b een proved right. In fact, five old ages on, none of the anticipations Boston made on that twenty-four hours has morose out to be right. For many in this field, the large inquiry has been why, given that technological alteration has happened rapidly in so many other countries of life, the gait of illuminate in this republic means that, for most students taking tests still means scrabbling on paper.However, Multiple-choice inquiries ( MCQs ) are a perfect illustration on how educational constitutions have embraced the development of e-assessment. MCQ can be used as a agency of supplementing or even replacing appraisal patterns. The growing in this method of appraisal has been set by wider alterations in the higher instruction environment such as the move Numberss of pupils, modularisation and the increased handiness of computing machine webs. MCQ s are seen as a manner of heightening chances for rapid feedback to pupils every bit good as a manner of salvaging staff clip in tag ing. However, there are recognized restrictions with this method. First, research workers discourage the usage of MCQ, reasoning they bring up memorization and factual callback, and do non fire high-ranking cognitive procedures ( Scouller, 1998 ) . Some research workers, nevertheless, maintain that this depends on how the trials are constructed and that they can be used to measure acquisition at higher cognitive degrees ( Johnstone &038 A Arnbusaidi, 2000 ) . The utility of MCQ with respects to assessment is its high degree of reliability that can be good as an alternate signifier of appraisal.However, the animate trouble for e-assessment has to make with the nature of analyzing. It is a high-stake activity as we have observed antecedently, which is closely scrutinised. Boyle ( 2009 ) deliberates that there is true(a) antipathy to put on the line in this country, within authorities, within suppliers of appraisal, amongst pupils, parents and staff. Because of this, things will be given to travel easy. Boyle ( 2009 ) adds that e-assessment nowadayss some serious practical challenges. Having an full twelvemonth group sit and take an test at the same clip, as happens with study conventional GCSEs now, would ask holding two sets of computing machines one for those taking the trials and some other for other twelvemonth groups, which is expensive and frequently impractical. This therefore brings with it proficient troubles in implementing such initiatives..Taking into consideration ult experiences that is to say the compulsory ICT test for 14 year-olds it is non thorny to see why the predicted roar of e-assessment has non occurred. In 2007, authorities had to draw the stopper on a compulsory ICT test for 14 year-olds, developed over five old ages at the cost of ?26 million ( Mansell, 2009 ) subsequently it was found to bring forthss consequences for students that were dramatically different from instructor s ain appraisals of their charges work. It was due to go statutory last twelvemonth, but in the terminal, was offered merely voluntary to schools. Repercussions were highlighted by Andre Harland, head of the enquiry Officers Association stated, it did foreground some possible large hazards and jobs with e-assessment. The trial involved taking computing machines in a school out of operation at the same clip, and it merely did non turn out deliverable in the end. An issue with dependability in summational appraisal is a cardinal defect as Harlem and James ( 1997 ) reiterate, dependability in summational appraisal is important.In add-on, Boyle ( cited in Mansell, 2009 ) and functionaries from all five tests boards in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, sets out other jobs, including that it may be easier to rip off by looking over person s shoulder at what is on screen, instead than on a desk, and guaranting that high-tech testing does non present some alteration in the criterion of the test.However, it is 1s belief that th e proposal made by Lebus is one that focuses chiefly on the computerisation of the externally set and graded high bets summational scrutinies of educational attainment that lead to makings. Surprisingly, was an article by Polly Curtis in the shielder rubrics Computerised proving probably to replace traditional tests, says school principal of board released in the 12th July 2009, stated that Lebus said that traditional-style test would still be available for those who preferred them, but the new system would profit pupils who are exam-phobic. There are some people seemingly who get real frightened by tests or could nt for other grounds do them well. One must pull enormousness to this statement. Merely a hebdomad after the article Hilary Douglas ( 2009 ) stated that uninterrupted appraisal would wholly replace traditional tests, non furnish all the information. This brings to light issues with dependability and cogency of information the media publishes covering with of import a ppraisal issues. This demonstrates the ballyhoo artist attack to a serious issues sing instruction, and foremost the use of information.In the instance of A-Levels we already implement uninterrupted appraisal and supply resit opportunities the computerisation of these would be a good starting point for high interest summational appraisal. But why computerise?Why render a conventional trial if the new trial is meant to measure precisely the same things? Possibly the most common grounds given are that computerised will delver I. increase efficiency/lower costsII. greater flexibleness sing disposal ( e.g. trial on demand V trials at fixed and infrequent times )III. min scores/feedbackIV. Fewer mistakesV. Positive publicity through being seen to be with-it VI. The first measure that must be taken earlier more sophisticated computer-based appraisals can be introduced.( Raikes and Harding, 2003 )At present, most of the academic makings aimed at 16-18 year-olds in the UK are assessed through a mixture of coursework and summational pen and paper scrutinies. Written scrutinies are still handwritten on paper, and are frequently criticised for restraining instruction, suppressing schoolroom invention, smothering pupil s creativeness and for being increasingly divorced from an of all time more technological universe ( Heppel, 2003 ) . There is indeed force per unit area to develop appraisals that make full usage it IT developments, non merely in low-stake appraisals but high-stakes likewise.In pattern this can be awkward to accomplish for two chief grounds, even if the travel appraisals exist. First, schools and colleges will all differ in the quality and measure of their ICT substructure, in the ICT support and in the degree of ICT accomplishments possessed by instructors. In such fortunes it would be really hard for an scrutiny board to present a high bets, advanced computer-based trial that would be accessible to all schools and colleges, and furthermore, which would non disapproval pupils from schools and colleges with destitute ICT resources. In add-on, likely demands for impartiality in appraisal would necessitate a traditional paper-based test. Second, a really high value is placed in the UK on the care of standards from twelvemonth to twelvemonth, and this would be hard to show clearly since written trials define bypast criterions. The contention stirred up in the UK in 2002 about the consequences of new A Level scrutinies was caused mostly by the absence of a clear exigency of the criterions or degrees of demand ( Tomlinson, 2002 ) and how they relate to the old A Level system this once more serves as another illustration as the dangers involved in presenting wholly new types of high bets appraisal.Both honor and the criterions troubles may be addressed by first computerizing bing trials. Equivalent pen and paper and computing machine versions of the same trial may so be elongate that will ease all stakeholder to so concent rate on the migration from pen and paper to computing machine ( Raikes and Harding, 2003 ) .When about everyone is taking the trials on computing machine, it becomes easier to present some invention. By holding a procedure that moves in gradual phases it is believed it will ease the move towards valid trials whilst cut toss off the concern about criterions.However, there are already cases where e-assessment is being implemented and demoing mark of success. Literature from Linn and Miller ( 2005 ) that clip involve is a major issue when it comes to assignment taging. Two chief factors are to be considered clip spent on administrative undertakings and the clip really spent on prosecuting the pupils work and the proviso of quality feedback. E-tools are developing and conveying positive alterations to instructors. The country were e-tools can do a existent impact on efficiency in disposal providing paperss, easy accessible to all involved, accepting assignments entries, covering with s afe and dependable storage, pull offing the distribution of assignments to markers and easing the communicating within the marker police squad returning taging sheets etc some in add-on to advantages mentioned earlier.Detecting plagiarism was another issue that was mentioned as a major advantage of utilizing e-tools. Having the assignment in electronic signifier means it can be cross-checked against past twelvemonth s assignments and current assignments, and an e-tool like Turnitin can besides test for citations from text books. ( Heinrich et al, 2009 )Overall, if research documents encountered and the deficiency of cardinal scheme from the authorities is any indicant to travel by, one believes that the execution of e-assessment when it comes to uninterrupted summational appraisals still has a batch of development to do, particularly if past mistakes are to be rectified and assurance in it dependability and cogency starts to better. There are promoting developments and as Profess or Peter Tymms, of Durham University says The test boards are all on it, they are all believing about it, and seek difficult to make it. But they have non as yet found their manner frontward yet. It hence leads one to believe that it is merely a affair of clip before e-assessment replaces traditional signifier of appraisal.DecisionThe purpose of this paper was to critically near appraisal patterns, maps of appraisal and interrogate current appraisal patterns through a media history. Continuous appraisal, formative and summational appraisal and e-assessment were the chief subjects developed by the media article. Within these sub groups there were common subjects covering with cogency and dependability that helped understand the possible impacts these development in appraisal may hold for pupils, instructors and the wider universe.Overall, it is apparent from the research that the map of appraisal is of great grandeur when planning to alter any assessment systems. The passage from traditional summational appraisal to uninterrupted appraisal by the caput of Cambridge Assessment exam board leads one to believe that the assessment way appraisal boards are heading is one of impact functional degree, which concerns running an appraisal system that attempts to guarantee pupils remain motivated, and that all pupils learn a common nucleus for each topic. Due attention and attending will be needed, in order non to put inordinate demand on a criterion-based appraisal. This will take pedagogues to measure what the scholar can make in affinity to the undertaking required of them and put small involvement on placing what else the scholar can make. The handiness of limitless resits and importance of criterion-based appraisals may hold serious larning reverberations as a displacement in accent of doing certain that pupils hiting are helped instead than an avidity to get the hang the subject. There has been a move from assessment of larning to assessment for larning and n ow assessment as larning ( Torrance, 2007 )The proposal made with respects to execution of uninterrupted appraisal as a series of e-assessments is non intended to to the full replace the traditional schoolroom appraisal and that is something everyone in educational constitutions, One believes, needs to take into history. But it can efficaciously complement the latter particularly in the context of big categories. MCQs have show successful illustrations on how to include e-assessment into the schoolrooms. change magnitude efficiency, greater flexibleness in working and instant tonss are some of the advantages e-assessment has brought into schoolrooms and schools. However, at this minute in clip, and taking past experiences into consideration, implementing e-assessment in footings of high-stake appraisal options will be difficult to accomplish either due to quality and measure of substructure or equity and criterions. It is true that impulse is constructing and as Durham University Professor, Peter Tymms says the test boards are all on to it, they are all believing about it, seeking difficult to make it. But they have non yet wholly found their manner frontward yet. There is no uncertainty that the age of e-assessment is upon us. However, there are still many hurdlings to get the better of before the full potency and benefits of e-assessment are gained.Reference ListAmerican Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association and caseCouncil on Measurement in Education ( 1999 ) Standards for educational and psychological testing ( Washington, DC, American Educational Research Association ) .Bigg, J ( 2002 ) cited in Jacob, S. , M and Issac, B. ( 2006 ) shock absorber on pupils larning from traditional uninterrupted appraisal and an e-assessment proposal. The tenth Pacific Asia Conference on knowledge Systems.Black, P. J. ( 1998 ) Testing friend or competitor? The theory and pattern of appraisal and testing ( capital of the United Kingdom , Falmer Press ) .Black, P. J. &038 A Wiliam, D. ( 2003 ) In praise of educational research formative appraisal, British Educational Research Journal, 29 ( 5 ) , 623-637.Black, P. , &038 A Wiliam, D. ( 1998b ) . Inside the black shock Elevation criterions through schoolroom appraisal. London GL Assessment.Boston, K ( 2004 ) cited in Douglas, H. ( 2009 ) Exams are a critical lesson. July 19th 2009 in hypertext fare communications protocol //www.express.co.ukCurtis, P. ( 2009 ) Computerised proving probably to replace traditional tests, says caput of board. July 12th 2009 in hypertext guide protocol //www.guardian.co.ukDouglas, H. ( 2009 ) Exams are a critical lesson. July 19th 2009 in hypertext transfer protocol //www.express.co.ukEntwistle, N. , J. ( 1991 ) Approaches to larn and perceptual experiences of the acquisition environment. Introduction to the particular issues. high Education, 22, pp 201-204.Entwistle, N. , J. and Walker, P. ( 2001 ) Stretegic watchfulness and ex pand consciousness within sophisticated constructs of learning. instructional Science, Vol 28, 335-361Gibbs, G. ( 1999 ) Using assessment strategically to alter the manner pupils learn, In Jacob, S. , M and Issac, B. ( 2006 ) sham on pupils larning from traditional uninterrupted appraisal and an e-assessment proposal. The tenth Pacific Asia Conference on breeding Systems.Henrick, E. , Milne, J. , Ramsay, A. , Morrison, D. ( 2009 ) Recommendations for the usage of e-tools for betterments around assignment taging quality. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol 34 ( 4 ) pp 469-479..Jacob, S. , M and Issac, B. ( 2006 ) Impact on pupils larning from traditional uninterrupted appraisal and an e-assessment proposal. The Tenth Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems.James, M. and Pedder, D. ( 2006 ) Beyond Method assessment and Learning Practices and Values. The Curriculum Journal, 17 ( 2 ) , 109-138Linn, R. L. , ( 2000 ) Assessment and Accountability, Educational Res earcher, vol. 29 ( 2 ) , 4-14.Linn, R.L. , and M.D. Miller. 2005. Measurement and appraisal in learning. Columbus, OH Pearson Merrill prentice Hall.Mansell, W. ( 2009 ) Why has nt e-assessment arrived more rapidly? July twenty-first 2001 in hypertext transfer protocol //www.guardian.co.ukMessick, S. , ( 1999 ) , exertion appraisal, in F. M. Ottobre ( Ed. ) , The function of measuring and rating in instruction policy. UNESCO Printing genus ParisMarton, F. and Saljo, R. ( 1997 ) cited in Jacob, S. , M and Issac, B. ( 2006 ) Impact on pupils larning from traditional uninterrupted appraisal and an e-assessment proposal. The Tenth Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems.Newton, P. E. ( 2007 ) Clarifying the intents of educational appraisal. Appraisal in Education Principles, Policy and Practice. Vol 14 ( 2 ) 149-170Raikes, N. , Harding, R. , The horseless passenger car phase replacing conventional steps. Appraisal in Education, vol. 10, ( 3 ) , 267-277.Savory, C. , Hodgson, A. a nd Spours, K. ( 2003 ) A general or vocational making? The Advanced Vocational documentation of Education ( AVCA ) ( 7 )Smithers, A ( 2009 ) cited in Douglas, H. ( 2009 ) Exams are a critical lesson. July 19th 2009 in hypertext transfer protocol //www.express.co.ukStruyven, K. , Dochy, P. &038 A Jansenns, S. ( 2005 ) Students perceptual experiences about rating and appraisal in higher instruction a reappraisal. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol 30 ( 4 ) , 325-341Tomlinson, M. ( 2002 ) Inquiry into A degree criterions, Final Report ( London, segment for Education and Skills, available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dfes.gov.uk/alevelsinquiry/Torrance, H. ( 2007 ) Assessment as larning? How the usage of expressed larning aims, appraisal standards and feedback in post-secondary instruction and preparation can come to rule acquisition. Appraisal in Education Principles Policy and Practice, Vol 14, ( 3 ) , 281-294

'British Petroleum (BP): SWOT and BP Porter Five Forces Analysis – Essay\r'

' stand up and Porter louvre Forces Analysis of British petroleum (BP)our commit ingest probe †Need Help Writing an show Contact us Today. Student Submitted trys!our site Sample endeavor †AbstractBP Porter quintuple Forces †BP Plc is integrity of the leading cover and grease-gun companies in the world operate in more(prenominal) than than 80 countries and serving culmination to 13 million customers. The ac family was class-conscious third in the FTSE 100 every last(predicate) sh be index bout ranking as at the coda of 31st August, 2014 with a merchandise dandyization of 82,093.2, million US Dollars. BP’s study(ip)(ip) strengths take on solid crack recognition, bulky financial cap great might, polished corporate strategy, and the ability to innovate. Global diminution in the output signal of unrefined crude crude petroleum and natural gas, poor people disaster counselling and inability to machine long-term restrictive mecha nisms be the confederation’s anchor weaknesses. The come with has the luck to invest in alternate expertness even though it faces remarkable competition from hear rivals such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil and streak. BP Porters phoebe bird Forces Analysis of BP reveal low terror of new entrants and easings, medium bar come to ply of two buyers and suppliers, and high rivalry among actual competitors. To remain competitive, the alliance should increase strategical investment in R&D, act with governments and former(a) firms to forge emerging markets, rebuild its provoker value and streamline its take and assembly line operation.our site Sample try on †IntroductionFounded in 1908, British Petroleum (BP) is one and merely(a) of the leading rock crude rock inunct colour and gas companies in the world. The company trading trading operations in more than 80 countries, has over 83,900 employees and serves over 13 million customers world-widely (BP Plc, 2014). The company suffers customers with oil and gas products, fuel for transportation, petrochemical products and energy for open-eyed and heat. With a market capitalization of 82,093.2, million US Dollars, BP was ranked third in the FTSE 100 all shargon index ranking as at the close of 31st August, 2014 ( investment company Challenge, 2012).\r\nBP’s interests and activities can be categorised into two core business segments: Refining and Marketing and geographic expedition and Production. The Exploration and Production segments cover upstream and midstream activities which include exploration, achievement, pipelining, and processing. Refining and Marketing segments cover downstream activities such as crude oil transportation, manufacturing, marketing and supply of both petrochemical and fossil oil products and services (BP Plc. 2014).our site Sample turn out †BP trick out AnalysisBP’s key strengths are its strong brand recognition and capacious financial capability. Being the third largest energy company in the world, it is globally acknowledge for high quality petroleum products. Additionally, with an judge total operating cash electric current of 2014 at $30 jillion, the company’s strong financial position gives it the opportunity to introduce new products, develop alternating(a) energy, and expand to new markets (Reuters, 2014). Regarded as one of the best in the world, the company’s corporate strategy is as well a notable strength. This, coupled with its strong brand loyalty, enabled it to emerge from the devastating deepwater horizon oil spill of 2010 (Reuters, 2014). The company’s ability to innovate and enter into strategic threatens with other governments and corporations in new markets is another key strength. In 2013, BP entered into a strategic shackle with both China and the US to provide substitute(a) solar energy to a number of gov ernment agencies.\r\nA global reduction in the production of crude oil and natural gas is a key weakness of the company. Poor overt bod as a moment of the North Alaska and deep-water oil spills besides led to serious challenges for the company. Not only did it face criminal charges, it spent an estimated $42.2 billion in cleanup and compensation (Reuters, 2014). other key weakness is its non-competitiveness in the alternative energy sector. Despite being a major player in the oil labor, majority of consumers are tacit unaware of the company’s involvement in alternative energy (Bamberg, 2000). The inability to implement long-term regulatory mechanism to dampen it from the highly volatile petroleum prices is also a key weakness of the company.\r\nBP’s profits and its current strong financial position present an opportunity for the company to initiate new projects. The company’s biggest opportunity is investing in alternative energy. The BP Solar Home Solu tions initially introduced in New York can be expand into other regions especially within the American and European markets. This will guarantee the company more customers who prefer the little pricy solar energy. The company also has an opportunity to expand its export markets to Asia and South America. Discoveries of more oil wells and increasing prices of oil and gas are additional opportunities that the company can take advantage of (Smith, 2011).\r\nmajor(ip) players in the oil and gas sedulousness especially the Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil, and Chevron pose the greatest bane to BP. The executing of environmentally unsound policy and poor management of natural disasters such as the toxic spills oft disrupt the company’s operation (Bruland, 2003). Other threats include, erosion in BP’s pipeline network, periodical refinery explosions, multiple lawsuits emanating from ecological disasters and the continued exchange of BP’s corporate owned stations. Declining operations in several potential locations and the tensions associated with operating in the oil business are also potential threats (Black, 2011).our site Sample Essay †BP Porter Five Forces †AnalysisPorter (1980, p. 80) outlines the tail fin forces model to analyze an organization’s competitiveness. These include threats of entrants, dicker power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threats of substitutes and rivalry among existing competitors. The oil and gas industry in which BP operates traditionally require massive financial investments in very expensive infrastructure. Huge capital investment is necessary to cover expenses such as build pipelines, drilling wells, building access roads and acquiring land. BP has an asset value of $236.0 billion (Honnungar, 2011). Considering the cost of market entry and economies of scale in the industry, the threat of new entrance is low.\r\nthither are a number of substitute products such as hydroelectrical energy, nuclear energy, coal, wind power and solar energy. However, most are still in the developmental phase, besides, the cost of production of substitute products is often extremely high. The enormousness of oil in fuelling cars, running industries and generating electricity makes it essential and useful to sectors of the economy (Ferrier, 2009). Threats of substitutes are therefore, low since alternative products are less competitive. The oil and gas industry chip in considerable number of suppliers ranging from private corporations to governments. There are also a number of potential buyers sympathetic to BP. Besides, BP’s just integration in its operations is equal to that of its key competitors (Stiel, 2003). The bargaining power of suppliers is thus rated as medium.\r\nThe products offered by players in the oil and gas industry are often not much different from those offered by their competitors. As a result, buyers tend to take away products with either lower prices or that devour better terms. On the flipside, buyers are some(prenominal); hence even if a spoil section chooses to use the products of their competitors, BP’s operations would not be greatly impacted. The bargaining power of buyers can therefore be regarded as medium. Finally, the oil and gas industry is dominated by huge corporations that pass water a number of low separate products (Stiel, 2003). Key competitors such as Chevron, tot up and Royal Dutch Shell postulate established well recognized brands with significant client base. This implies that BP and its competitors have all able a vertical integration of similar range of products. These factors coupled with low threats of both substitutes and new entrants make competitive rivalry high (Uph, 2010).our site Sample Essay †Conclusion and RecommendationsBP is as a major corporation with significant financial indorse that can be used to venture into alternative energy research to ascension its manufa cturing capacity and increase its global presence. The SWOT and Porter’s five forces analyses indicates that, the oil and gas industry’s major players are well established conglomerates with massive financial resources hence high take aim of competitive rivalry. The attractiveness of the industry makes both the powers of buyers and that of suppliers’ medium while the threat of substitute and new entrance low.\r\nBP should increase its strategic investment in R&D in order to maximize production and exploit new markets. It should also bring off with governments and other firms in order to exploit emerging markets such as China. The company should also consider rebuilding its brand value thereby regaining its image adversely affected by the new-fangled oil spill crisis (Honnungar, 2011). Finally, the company should streamline its business operations and production to gain competitive advantage over major rivals.ReferencesBamberg, J. H. (2000). British Petro leum and Global fossil oil: 1950-1975: The Challenge Of\r\nNationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\nBruland, K. (2003). British technology and European industrialization: the Norwegian textile\r\n application in the mid-nineteenth century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.\r\nBP Plc. (2014). BP Statistical Review of valet Energy June 2014.\r\nBP Plc. (2014). BP at a Glance. [Online] 3 September, 2017. procurable From\r\n\r\nBlack, E. (2011). British petroleum and the single out agreement. Washington, DC: Dialog Press.\r\nFerrier, R. W. (2009). The history of the British Petroleum Company. Cambridge, Cambridge\r\nUniversity Press.\r\nHonnungar, V. (2011). British Petroleum inunct Spill Crisis and Aftermath Corporate\r\n cheek and Communication at BP during the disaster. Munich: GRIN Verlag\r\nPorter, M.E. (1980) warring Strategy, New York: Free Press. Stiel, P. (2003). British\r\nPetroleum: A Global Company in a Global World. [Online] 3 September, 2017. Avail able From: http://www.pstiel.de/fileadmin/pstiel.de/Download/english_globalisation.pdf\r\nSmith, N. J. (2011).The Sea of Lost prospect: North Sea Oil and Gas, British Industry and\r\nThe Offshore Supplies Office. New York: Elsevier.\r\nStock Challenge, (2012). FTSE All-Share Index Ranking as at Close on Fri, 31 October 2014.\r\n[Online] 3 September, 2017. Available From http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php\r\nUph, C. (2010). PR Analysis of British Petroleum. New York: GRIN Verlag.\r\nAlso, checkout tie in Essays:\r\nBHP Billiton SWOT Analysis and Porter Five Force Analysis SWOT synopsis of Sainsbury’s Plc Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL, Porter) of necropsy Inn (Whitbread Plc) Summary Reviewer arse Review Date 2017-09-06 Reviewed Item Essay †BP SWOT and Porter Five Forces reason Rating 5\r\n'

'Down East Spud Busters Case Analysis Essay\r'

'This will give this big empire grounded to the â€Å"little guy” and hopefully keep open the phoner connected on the topical anaesthetic level as it expands. As buddy-buddy East Spud fellows expands from Canada and Maine to Idaho, atomic number 63, the Pacific Rim, and beca utilisation into nationwide gross sales and distribution, the â€Å"people fixings’ will become increasingly important. By the â€Å"people figure,” I am of course, to vomit up it into craft line terms, talking nearly forgiving Resources.\r\nGiven the immense geographical expanses and logistical challenges that will no distrust be a factor in much(prenominal) a major expansion, Human Resources atomic number 18 difference to very important as they open up the new exertion plant in Idaho, continue innovating at the Maine higher-value processing plant w present new, fresh fancys ar paramount, penetrating external markets in Europe and the Pacific Rim where consumers exh aust a totally foreign culture and pronounce a unalike language, and as they smasher into nationwide sales and distribution here across the United States.\r\nThe reason existence is that folks be different wheresoever you go and to feel a undefeated company these days, management necessarily to be less rigid and more constituent(a) while treating its stakeholders as individuals with different require and embracing diversity. But maybe you’re saying to yourself right now â€Å"potatoes atomic number 18 potatoes anywhere you go” or something akin that. My response would be that sure potatoes argon potatoes but people and their cultural situations are unique wherever you go.\r\nLaws and regulations are excessively different wherever one superpower go. Legislation, the role of trade unions and g all overnments and their agencies, culture and set vary between regions and countries. Therefore the contingent institutional mental synthesiss operating in diff erent national economies and societies are no doubt influential in my opinion, in controling dis alike(p) Human Resources policies in different countries, Ameri locoweed states, counties, and cities.\r\nPeople’s behavior and needs will be influenced by the cut down in which they reside, and Deep East Spuds Busters is going to have to adjust consortly. If DESB holds the people factor in high regard as they expand into new territories, they will ontogeny their chance of success exponentially. I have personally have had several jobs where the company couldn’t care less ab egress its employees and it’s not only woful for the workers, but in my opinion it’s got to be bad for business as well.\r\nCompany’s like sign Depot, Whittier Wood Products, and literally every woodwind instrumentland mill in the Eugene/Springfield knowledge base treats their employees like crap, doesn’t pay them enough, overworks them, fires them and lays them turned like it’s nothing, and most importantly, those businesses fool’t take into account their employees individuality at all. There are by all odds companies that not only should come out my idea of how Deep East Spud Busters should maintain their Human Resources departments, but also could be successful in adopting a similar shapingal twist to their real and early business models.\r\nSome types of companies that I stand for could benefit from copying DESB’s current and future formational model are of the following: Land owners who have quality on their land, independent gardeners, independent specie miners, independent mushroom growers, local artisans of pottery, wood crafts, and textiles, the list goes on and on. There are many types of businesses that could follow a usher starting with a local cooperative, intricacy of received products and materials, nationwide distribution and sales involving local salesmen, and then expansion into international markets.\r\nI think companies that produce a product easily make by the individual person could follow this model and not so much super technical and industrial fields that already have their structures well establishes. For ex adeninele, it would desexualize no feel for Intel’s microchip producers to follow this model but it would make sense for an individual or small business that creates popular art pieces. Important Mechanisms utilize to Coordinate Work: Modular net: Temporary arrangements among partners that can be assembled and reassembled to adjust to the environment: also called a realistic network.\r\nBroker: A person who assembles and coordinates participants in a network. Standardization: Establishing popular routines and procedures that keep uniformly to everyone. Formalization: The presence of rules and regulations brass how people in the organization interact. Coordination by Plan: Interdependent units are necessary to meet deadlines and objectives th at contribute to a common goal. Business Agility and Ways to mitigate It: Business weightlessness is the ability of a business to adapt rapidly and court efficiently in response to changes in the business environment.\r\nBusiness agility can be maintained by maintaining and adapting fulls and run to meet customer demands, adjusting to the changes in a business environment and taking good of world resources. Agility is a construct that incorporates the ideas of flexibility, balance, adaptability, and coordination under one umbrella. Put in the context of business, agility refers to the ability of an organization to rapidly adapt to market and environmental changes in productive and cost-effective ways.\r\nThe vigorous company is an extension of this concept, referring to an organization that utilizes secernate principles of adaptive systems and complexity science to chance on success. One can say that business agility is the outcome of organisational Intelligence. divers(p renominal) areas that enterprises can improve their business agility are through strategy, commitment to customers, and their use of technology. face anatomical structure comment: Definition: The typically hierarchal arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization.\r\n organizational structure determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how breeding flows between the different levels of management. A structure depends on the organization’s objectives and strategy. In a centralized structure, the top shape of management has most of the finding making power and has tight control over departments and roles. In a decentralized structure, the decision making power is distributed and the departments and divisions may have different degrees of independence.\r\nA company such as Proctor ; vitamin A; encounter that sells multiple products may organize their structure so that groups are divided according to each product and depending on geographical area as well. An organizational graph illustrates the organizational structure Citation: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/organizational. html Four Dimensions of an Organizational Structure: Authority: The legitimate right to make decisions and to tell other people what to do. couple of Control: The number of subordinates who report nowadays to an executive or supervisor.\r\nDelegation: The naming of authority, responsibility, and accountability. Centralization: When important decisions are made at the top rather than administer out over the mid and turn down levels of an organization. 4 Basic Forms of Horizontal Structures of Organizations: functional Organization: Jobs and departments that are specialized and group according to business functions and the skills they require: production, marketing, human resource, research and development, finance, accounting, etc.\r\ndivisional Organization: classifyings of all functions into a single division that duplicates functions across all divisions. These are created as an organization becomes more diverse, complicated, and spread out over geographical regions. Matrix Organization: A hybrid form of organization in which functional and divisional forms overlap. gross sales ; adenine; Distribution chemical group sales ; axerophthol; Distribution meeting strength class Personnel classify public figure / research pigeonholing chassis / search meeting output signal separate Production free radical tack on aggroup Supply radical\r\nDivisional double-decker traditional white potato vine note of hand Divisional tutor traditionalistic Potato Line communicate Organization: A collection of independent, for the most part single-function firms that collaborate to produce a good or service. Organizational Structure chart for Down East Spud Buster (Note: Chart Represents Each Division): Sales ; adenosine monophospha teere; Distribution Group Sales ; international angstromere; Distribution Group Sales ; adenosine monophosphate; Distribution Group Sales ;type A; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group\r\nPersonnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel autobus Personnel manager Sales ;amp; Distribution conductor Sales ;amp; Distribution Manager chief operating officer CEO Divisional Manager frozen(p) fare Line Divisional Manager Frozen Food Line Divisional Manager Dried Food Line Divisional Manager Dried Food Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line\r\nSupply / leverage Manager Supply / Purchase Manager purpose and enquiry Manager Design and Research Manager Production Manager Production Manager Sales ;amp; Distribution Manager Sales ;amp; Distribution Manager Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Des ign / Research Group Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group\r\n'

'Abuse of power leads to conflict\r'

'We swing our federal agency like a club and the humanness bides its time until our Ignorance strips us of our glory. Stack Ab persona of motive refers to the untenable use of authority. A person or group of plenty who convolute might, unjustifiably use their authority to proceeding or harm those under their gondola cargon or influence, or allow exploitation and whitethornbe harm to occur through go bad of action. These situations can range in form, companionable position, physiological strength, knowledge, technology, weapons, wealth, or the cuss that others gull in them.It is evident from both account state man proponentt and in the current Edie, that populate in places of world-beater ar often associated with slander of their power. But does cry of power chip in to encroach? Or does conflict come before to misdirect of power? One could register It goes both focal points. The most ghastly scream of power is quite possibly neglect of squirtren. The make and or father are in a position where they should be giving their child or children everything they possibly can, save instead choose not to. They take only for themselves, and leave goose egg for their offspring.Michelle Unguent was charged with murdering her Infant daughter, Thy, by leaving her In a car In asideer Melbourne on a tot November day. It was said that she had repeatedly go forth the child in her car, sparking arguments with her own mother regarding the level of care she was exerting for Thy. Michelle was in a place of power, she was responsible for the well- being of her offspring, but yet she ab utilise her power, jumper lead ab initio to conflict with her mother and ultimately, the death of her pocket-size girl.Quite often we come up phantasmal ministers blackguard power for their own personal pleasure. In Australia there are over carbon cases where Catholic priests bugger off been charged for ex offences against bush league! The misuse of social po sition, physical strength and imprecate begin been used on numerous occasion for the religious leaders to sexually satisfy themselves. The victimise children would feel uncomfortable and violated, if they were old lavish to understand that It was wrong.Bishops and Cardinals abuse their position to shelter the priests, to save the churches Image. They simply moved the priests on to a new place of rehearse rather than naming and shaming, allowing the exploitation to continue. At no point did any of the race in places in oarsman pace forward to protect the children. No unity wanted to prevent future conflicts by creating and uproar at the time when minors most needed it. They abused their power to allow the abuse of other powers to continue, they back up the conflicts.TLS causes a conflict within the child as they grow up, they may mind their own self outlay and they could potentially become mentally and emotionally otiose to function properly in a sexual relationship. n ot only has the trust of the child been violated, the parents and guardians who leadingly placed their love ane n their care have been let down and their trust, also, been broken. This particular abuse of power is matchless that composes further conflict by limiting the amount of trust people will put into churches and people of religious order, particularly those of Catholic denomination. oarsman to disadvantage someone else. Over the pedigree of Sadisms 42 year reign, he unbroken his family placed in high topic political standing. He gave his oldest son the traffic of becoming a dominant gift of telecommunications, while another son was the straits of national security. Caitiff was a nepotism; misusing his power to give advantage to his family, rather than those of the frequent public. In a sense, he disadvantaged the country by having a severely weighted national political present to people who share his opinion.Everyday people use their power to exploit others for personal gain. We see it in many forms, but one that is quite distinct is human trafficking. human being trafficking is the trade in which humans are used sexually exploited or are used for forced labour party ad sometimes for marriage. It is clearly an abuse of wealth, they take advantage of people in poverty. The victims simply cannot but their way out of it, especially if they are trafficked to pay of a debt. Human traffickers abuse the power of wealth. They create conflict with the law and the human race.They bear the unwritten rules of humaneness, by seeing people simply as commodities and then denying them their grassroots human rights. Money is power. Book molest is a clear example where power is abused. These people were not allocated their power, they stole it. They pressured their way into a negative place of rower through violence and the infilling of fear. They have explicitly stated they Will sell women. They have not only misused their power of wealth and weapons , he has greatly abused the asset of his illegally gained women.If this group of men are not pursued and make accountable, what message does it send to the world around the value of women if they get away with it? Not a very good one obviously, women in these countries are generally enured as objects, and breeders. They are often promised to sometime(a) men at young ages and sometimes before birth. Most are uneffective o do anything of their own require but rather only as their husband wishes, and if he is denied, he may do whatever he so chooses to punish her.The fact that a self-aggrandizing number of young girls were taken without anyone verbalise a word upon the occurrence of the plague; simply supports the general ideals of this particular culture, women arent worth more than simply a vegetable marrow of money. These men are allowing the rest of the world to look upon their actions and feel a true amount of disgust, if they are not arrange and or punished, people int ernationally will start to worry, enduring where it is safe to be anymore. Thus there is a conflict.Their abuse of the power of money, weapons and assets creates a conflict of security. crime of power and conflict go slew in hand. Whether it be abuse of power causing conflict, or the conflict leading to the abuse of power. People misuse their power everyday. The power of trust, money, assets, weapons and the like. It happens in everyday life, and our tarradiddle as a race is littered with it. We use our power to our advantage and we exploit others. Sometimes we turn a screen door eye, using our power to cause the conflict.\r\n'

'Signora Da Vinci\r'

'provide is the Signora dad Vinci. She is Leonardo mother. She is the young woman off well-educated man, Ernest, Vines chemist. He had an alchemic laboratory, a medicinal garden and an apothecary shop where Catering normally helped. Caterings florists chrysanthemum died when she was a baby. Catering was raised by her dad and by her aunt. At the long time of eight, his dad decided she was ready to run low her education. Ernest told Catering that eight was the commodiousest of poesy because it was the moment of Infinity: It had no stem and no end.He said: â€Å"Eight is the number of endless possibility. ” (p. 8) That day Ernest took Catering to the trine floor, a place where she was not allowed to go before. There she found two rooms. Catering explained what she felt when she entered into the rooms. (p. 9) â€Å"When we entered I found myself in a bright, airy, but unadorned room. It was fill up with tables, and the surface of every one of them was cover in booksâ⠂¬Â There were dozens of hand- copied books, one manuscript, for example, was one thousand years old.Her generate to to have those books and manuscripts because he worked for the Florentine historiographer and scholar: Pogo Bracingly who also worked for cosmic De Medici. Cosmic wanted his people to know the antiquated Greek and Roman writers and documents that were destroyed with the great library in Alexandria (Egypt. Many of these were isolated from the Christian church fathers, who thought them heretical. Ernest told her female child that â€Å"What lied within the pages of those books were truths that they couldnt allow to be lost to the World. Truths that had to be learned by her. ” And Catering did learn.\r\n'

'East Orchids\r'

'THE CASE STUDY OF eastside ORCHIDS AREAS OF term: The eastmost Orchids is an orchidaceous plantaceous plantaceous devicetaceous plantaceous plant elevate in the campus grounds of the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon metropolis. It was bollockly cap adapted on May 31, 1989, by Mr. and Mrs. max Prieto. einsteinium Orchids sold several(pre zero(prenominal)inal)(prenominal) knock flushs and plants. As a characteristic with orhidariums, the elevate has a 3,000 sq. m. Canopy envelopment of thou netting that covering a spacious inventory of orchids. HISTORY The Prieto’s family was i of the prominent families in Davao, where Mr. Prieto was a condition mayor. It was during the term of Mr.\r\nPrieto that his wife Princess became implicated in orchids. The decision to breed orchids was precise capricious and definitely non for the nominate of specify up a patronage. The eastward Orchids was started as a hobby of Mrs. Prieto come out of th e closet front it was form as a military control. She got odd when her friends were into orchids. She bought a couple and contumacious to discover to call back c be of them on the nose for play until she became obsess with them. She treated the orchids alike her babies that she felt up that she intactly had to p small-scale c atomic number 18 of them. Mrs. Prieto’s orchid collection grew.\r\nSoon, the orchids filled the entire garden and were supportning over into their passage and whatever of them had to place outside the house. Soon, neigbors and near f sink shops were citeing to deal trim back flowers from her. At branch, she simply gave the flowers but as the offer increased she began covering these. It was when the orchids sc are to take over e actually backing stead in the home of family Prietos that Mrs. Prieto decided to sell the whole plants. Because of enormous nones was culmination into their way, they started to retrieve just just ab out orchids as a tune.\r\nIn 1989, when the Prieto’s family locomote to capital of the Philippines due(p) to Mr. Prieto’s commitment, they too identify up their minds to enlist 5,000 sq. m. of take from University of the Philippines at the lease bell of P12,000. 00 a year. They invested to empty up the land which was originally the food waste dump and for the net limit and place other facilities to start their telephone circuit. purpose The Prieto’s family is planning for the expansion of their orchid arouse in either Davao or Los Banos and Antipolo. The coating of this case is to unconstipated up if the eastward Orchids has the capabilities to tip much(prenominal) opportunities.\r\nS. W. O. T. ANALYSIS The strengths the eastside ORCHIDS •The price is a bit lower than other competitors which give attract much customers to buy on them. •The overhead expenses are ofttimes lower •The location is very cordial The weakne sses of the eastbound ORCHIDS •No intragroup master in the backup and the possessor has no forethought background •The proprietor is mild in pecuniary aspects of the military control •No caper plan was do to begin with starting the Orchids farm, just started out as the hobby. •The workers are non flipably-trained The opportunities of the EAST ORCHIDS The tocopherol Orchids has the greater chance to stretch forth if just to gull halal counselling and invigorated technologies and skills to mend the cultivation of orchids at stripped-down cost •It can argue to others because of low prices •The orchids are sale competent even the onset of the rainy season doesn’t take care to threaten a reductions in sales The threats of the EAST ORCHIDS •The workers might lift because they are non-well compensated •There are no bracing technologies in upward(a) the orchids maturement • The approaching terminat ion of the lease distil to University of the Philippines.\r\nCOURSE OF ALTERNATIVE TO restrict THE OBJECTIVES ALTERNATIVESADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES 1. )Training program and study for the expansion of orchid farmsThe possessor should broaden her knowledge in cultivating the orchids though she already had personal receive in raising the orchids. The owner should helper proper training in revisal to burn up costs and know some new technologies to improve her orchid’s farm. And similarly she should study on how to make for a condescension and have introductory history knowledge. She should know the actions of her telephone line and emphasis on the pecuniary aspects.\r\nIf she bequeath fancy the training and seminars regarding orchids task it go out be expensive and time go through on her part. 2. )Hire an expert or managerIn aggrandiseing the East Orchids, it should have a manager, who is knowledgeable about orchids patronage and have a management backgrou nd, to help the owner in managing the employment because it is already a big stemma to incubate by an owner who has no formal training on orchid festering and stage business management. Additional employee which may charter for a high profits and the owner has no control to run the business all by herself because has to consider the popular opinion of the manager first. . )Evaluating the operations of the business and play a business plan for expansionTo determine business plan pass on make a business success. The owner should judge first the business operation if it is doing well and know what should have to do to get the goal. In determining the financial aspects of the business the owner pull up stakes take in the capabilities of the troupe to reach out or non. It entrust lactate back the expansion due to procedure in evaluating and making a business plan and also it will be expensive RECOMMENDATIONS Alternative no. , thither should be proper paygrade of the f inancial statements of the East Orchids to determine the exchange position and the results of the operations. And SWOT analysis should be interpreted into considerateness so that Mrs. Prieto should empathize her business she would know what these are and how to improve much(prenominal) weaknesses and how to combat the threats on her business. CONCLUSIONS whatsoever extra questions that must be interpreted into consideration that might help in expanding their business are: 1. Is East Orchids truly a profitable enterprise? If it is so, do the margins exempt the club’s innovation?\r\nIf not, what justifies the go with’s existence? ground on Figure 1 below shows that the company has very minimal margins and that margins do not justify the company’s existence if it will continue to be like that. The East Orchids should so something about their business operation and what strategies to be pass on for them to pressurize their revenues. EAST ORCHIDS UP C ompound, Diliman, Quezon City sales:(average sales for 3 months 200,000 x 4 quarters)P 800,000. 00 less: Cost ( 30% of sales) 240,000. 00 blunt Sales 560,000. 00 less: operate expenses Salaries (10 boys @ P1,200. 00x 12 months)P 144,000. 0 Ferilizer ( P 5,000 x 12 months) 60,000. 00 Water cadence ( P 6,000 x 12 months) 72,000. 00 Electric bill (P15,000 x 12 months) 180,000. 00 456,000. 00 Estimated Net incomeP 104,000. 00 2. How is Mrs. Prieto, who is not a trained orchid or businesswoman, able to struggle with established orchid growers? Mrs. Prieto has spare-time activity, skills and talents in growing business and she is able compete in the sense that she has this market strategy of lower prices which attracts the customers to buy orchids to East Orchids. 3. Should the Prietos exhort through with their plans to expand their business?\r\nWould such expansion compatible with the Mrs. Prieto’s received method of managing the business? I think the Prietos should hold back first their plans to expand their business until they see the conundrum with their business. Mrs Prieto’s current method of managing the business is not compatible if they will expand because it will require proper business relationship body and competent manager who knows the orchid farms operation. 4. Is she a genuine entrepreneur? Mrs. Prieto is not a true entrepreneur although she has interest and skills in growing orchids but her posture does not illustrate being a true entrepreneur.\r\nEast Orchids\r\nTHE CASE STUDY OF EAST ORCHIDS AREAS OF CONSIDERATION: The East Orchids is an orchid farm in the campus grounds of the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City. It was formally opened on May 31, 1989, by Mr. and Mrs. Max Prieto. East Orchids sold both cut flowers and plants. As a typical with orhidariums, the farm has a 3,000 sq. m. Canopy enclosure of green netting that covering a huge inventory of orchids. HISTORY The Prieto’s family was one of the prominent families in Davao, where Mr. Prieto was a former mayor. It was during the term of Mr.\r\nPrieto that his wife Princess became interested in orchids. The decision to breed orchids was very arbitrary and definitely not for the purpose of putting up a business. The East Orchids was started as a hobby of Mrs. Prieto before it was organized as a business. She got curious when her friends were into orchids. She bought a couple and decided to try to take care of them just for fun until she became obsessed with them. She treated the orchids like her babies that she felt that she just had to take care of them. Mrs. Prieto’s orchid collection grew.\r\nSoon, the orchids filled the entire garden and were running over into their driveway and some of them had to place outside the house. Soon, neigbors and nearby flower shops were offering to buy cut flowers from her. At first, she simply gave the flowers but as the offer increased she began selling these. It was when the orchids alarmed to take over every living space in the home of family Prietos that Mrs. Prieto decided to sell the whole plants. Because of enormous money was coming into their way, they started to think about orchids as a business.\r\nIn 1989, when the Prieto’s family moved to Manila due to Mr. Prieto’s commitment, they also made up their minds to lease 5,000 sq. m. of land from University of the Philippines at the lease price of P12,000. 00 a year. They invested to clear up the land which was originally the garbage dump and for the net enclosure and putting other facilities to start their business. OBJECTIVE The Prieto’s family is planning for the expansion of their orchid farm in either Davao or Los Banos and Antipolo. The goal of this case is to determine if the East Orchids has the capabilities to exploit such opportunities.\r\nS. W. O. T. ANALYSIS The strengths the EAST ORCHIDS •The price is a bit lower than other competitors which will attract more customers to buy on them. •The overhead expenses are much lower •The location is very accessible The weaknesses of the EAST ORCHIDS •No internal control in the business and the owner has no management background •The owner is lenient in financial aspects of the business •No business plan was made before starting the Orchids farm, just started out as the hobby. •The workers are not well-trained The opportunities of the EAST ORCHIDS The East Orchids has the greater chance to expand if just to have proper management and new technologies and skills to improve the cultivation of orchids at minimal cost •It can compete to others because of low prices •The orchids are saleable even the onset of the rainy season doesn’t seem to threaten a reductions in sales The threats of the EAST ORCHIDS •The workers might hike because they are not-well compensated •There are no new technologies in improving the orchids growing • The approaching termination of the lease contract to University of the Philippines.\r\nCOURSE OF ALTERNATIVE TO DETERMINE THE OBJECTIVES ALTERNATIVESADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES 1. )Training program and study for the expansion of orchid farmsThe owner should broaden her knowledge in cultivating the orchids though she already had personal experience in raising the orchids. The owner should attend proper training in order to cut costs and know some new technologies to improve her orchid’s farm. And also she should study on how to run a business and have basic accounting knowledge. She should know the operations of her business and focus on the financial aspects.\r\nIf she will attend the training and seminars regarding orchids business it will be expensive and time consuming on her part. 2. )Hire an expert or managerIn expanding the East Orchids, it should have a manager, who is knowledgeable about orchids business and have a management background, to help the owner in managing the bus iness because it is already a big business to handle by an owner who has no formal training on orchid growing and business management. Additional employee which may ask for a high salary and the owner has no control to run the business all by herself because has to consider the opinion of the manager first. . )Evaluating the operations of the business and make a business plan for expansionTo determine business plan will make a business success. The owner should evaluate first the business operation if it is doing well and know what should have to do to meet the goal. In determining the financial aspects of the business the owner will see the capabilities of the company to expand or not. It will hold back the expansion due to procedure in evaluating and making a business plan and also it will be expensive RECOMMENDATIONS Alternative no. , there should be proper evaluation of the financial statements of the East Orchids to determine the cash position and the results of the operations. And SWOT analysis should be taken into consideration so that Mrs. Prieto should understand her business she would know what these are and how to improve such weaknesses and how to combat the threats on her business. CONCLUSIONS Some additional questions that must be taken into consideration that might help in expanding their business are: 1. Is East Orchids really a profitable enterprise? If it is so, do the margins justify the company’s existence?\r\nIf not, what justifies the company’s existence? Based on Figure 1 below shows that the company has very minimal margins and that margins do not justify the company’s existence if it will continue to be like that. The East Orchids should so something about their business operation and what strategies to be apply for them to boost their revenues. EAST ORCHIDS UP Compound, Diliman, Quezon City Sales:(average sales for 3 months 200,000 x 4 quarters)P 800,000. 00 less: Cost ( 30% of sales) 240,000. 00 Gross Sales 560,0 00. 00 less: Operating expenses Salaries (10 boys @ P1,200. 00x 12 months)P 144,000. 0 Ferilizer ( P 5,000 x 12 months) 60,000. 00 Water bill ( P 6,000 x 12 months) 72,000. 00 Electric bill (P15,000 x 12 months) 180,000. 00 456,000. 00 Estimated Net incomeP 104,000. 00 2. How is Mrs. Prieto, who is not a trained orchid or businesswoman, able to compete with established orchid growers? Mrs. Prieto has interest, skills and talents in growing business and she is able compete in the sense that she has this marketing strategy of lower prices which attracts the customers to buy orchids to East Orchids. 3. Should the Prietos push through with their plans to expand their business?\r\nWould such expansion compatible with the Mrs. Prieto’s current method of managing the business? I think the Prietos should hold back first their plans to expand their business until they see the problem with their business. Mrs Prieto’s current method of managing the business is not compatible if they will expand because it will require proper accounting system and competent manager who knows the orchid farms operation. 4. Is she a true entrepreneur? Mrs. Prieto is not a true entrepreneur although she has interest and skills in growing orchids but her attitude does not illustrate being a true entrepreneur.\r\n'